Two disastrous long runout rapid landslides caused big disasters in Japan, 1997. One is a reactivated type landslide which traveled over 1.5 km in Akita Prefecture. Another is a rapid landslide-debris flow which killed 21 persons living on a debris fan in Kagoshima Prefecture. The authors took samples in both landslides and simulated the stress condition at the initiation of landslide motion by the stress control ring shear apparatus. The test results suggested that the sliding surface liquefaction of the saturated andesitic debris in both landslides played a key role for the rapid long runout landslide motion. One of the remarkable test results is that the andesitic debris showed a low apparent friction angle of about 5 degrees after failure even in the drained state of shear box and during gradual increase of pore pressure. Excess pore pressure generation in the shear zone after failure was much greater than the pore pressure dissipation, and the permeability in the shear zone was much decreased due to grain crushing by shearing.
The authors have thought that one of the most effective factors on the movement of a large crystalline schist landslide “Zentoku” in TokushimaPrefecture, Japan is the underground erosion, and have monitored the sediment discharge due to the erosion and subsequent transportation by the ground water at spring point in there. This paper aims to reveal the relationship between underground erosion and landslide movement on the basis of the monitoring results by the apparatus to catch the sediment, the extensometers and the rain gauge.Due to the results of the preceding monitorings, the sediment discharge is roughly proportional to the precipitation. However, sediment data scatter, which seems due to the factor other than the precipitation. In order to examine the condition of the sediment yield, the authors have induced two parameters, one is the displacement ratio (D/DAVn) to evaluate the degree of landslide movement and the other is the sediment discharge ratio (W/WP) to evaluate the degree of the sediment discharge affected by the factor other than the precipitation. The relationship between the discharge sediment and the landslide movement, which based on the result of the time dependent analysis of these two parameters, leads to the following conclusions;(1) Undoubtedly the precipitation is the most effective factor on the sediment discharge. The landslide movement affects the sediment discharge as the subsequent factor, which causes the scattering of data on the sediment discharge versus precipitation diagram.(2) According to the relationship between the landslide displacement under active period (D/DAVn>2) and the sediment discharge ratio (W/WP), the sediment discharge at the spring point has two factor groups, first group is under the effect of precipitation and the second is affected by the precipitation and the landslide movement itself. The sediment discharge, which produced one month after the active period of the slide, shows good proportionality to the landslide displacement.
The effects of pore water chemistry on the cyclic behavior of fine-grained soil were examined by performing undrained cyclic ring-shear tests on a natural soil treated with solutions of sulfuric acid (H2SO4), sodium hydroxide (NaOH), and sodium chloride (NaCl). In addition, different amounts of the chemicals were used to clarify the influence that ion concentrations in the pore fluid can have on the cyclic shear strength of soil. The results of laboratory tests indicated that cyclic shear strength was sensitive to changes in the pore fluid composition, and changes in cyclic behavior of soil became more pronounced as the concentration of each chemical increased.