Jay L. Garland

Environmental Protection Agency

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Michael A. Jahne

Ohio Environmental Protection Agency

Xin Ma

Environmental Protection Agency

Nichole E. Brinkman

Environmental Protection Agency

Michael S. Roberts

University of Queensland

María Celina Zabaloy

Universidad Nacional del Sur

Xiaobo Xue

University at Albany, State University of New York

Scott P. Keely

Environmental Protection Agency

Mary E. Schoen

University of Washington

Nicholas J. Ashbolt

Southern Cross University

Kimberly Cook

Agricultural Research Service

Cooperative Institutions

Environmental Protection Agency

Kennedy Space Center

University of Cincinnati

Ohio Environmental Protection Agency

Agricultural Research Service

Consolidated Safety Services-Dynamac (United States)

Eastern Research Group (United States)

United States Department of Agriculture

University of Florida

Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas

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Recovery of resources for advanced life support space applications: effect of retention time on biodegradation of two crop residues in a fed-batch, continuous stirred tank reactor

Bioresource Technology (2002)

Richard F. Strayer Barry W. Finger Michael P. Alazraki Kimberly Cook Jay L. Garland

Hemicellulose

Crop Residue

10.1016/s0960-8524(02)00036-6

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Citations (10)

Effects of tillage and fertilization on physiological profiles of soil microbial communities

Applied Soil Ecology (2011)

E. Gómez Jay L. Garland

Soil respiration

10.1016/j.apsoil.2011.10.008

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Citations (24)

Human Health, Economic and Environmental Assessment of Onsite Non-Potable Water Reuse Systems for a Large, Mixed-Use Urban Building

Sustainability (2020)

Sam Arden Ben Morelli Mary E. Schoen Sarah Cashman Michael A. Jahne

Onsite non-potable reuse (NPR) is being increasingly considered as a viable option to address water scarcity and infrastructure challenges, particularly at the building scale. However, there are a range of possible treatment technologies, source water options, and treatment system sizes, each with its unique costs and benefits. While demonstration projects are proving that these systems can be technologically feasible and protective of public health, little guidance exists for identifying systems that balance public health protection with environmental and economic performance. This study uses quantitative microbial risk assessment, life cycle assessment and life cycle cost analysis to characterize the human health, environmental and economic aspects of onsite NPR systems. Treatment trains for both mixed wastewater and source-separated graywater were modeled using a core biological process-an aerobic membrane bioreactor (AeMBR), an anaerobic membrane bioreactor (AnMBR) or recirculating vertical flow wetland (RVFW)-and additional treatment and disinfection unit processes sufficient to meet current health-based NPR guidelines. Results show that the graywater AeMBR system designed to provide 100% of onsite non-potable demand results in the lowest impacts across most environmental and human health metrics considered but costs more than the mixed-wastewater version due to the need for a separate collection system. The use of multiple metrics also allows for identification of weaknesses in systems that lead to burden shifting. For example, although the RVFW process requires less energy than the AeMBR process, the RVFW system is more environmentally impactful and costly when considering the additional unit processes required to protect human health. Similarly, we show that incorporation of thermal recovery units to reduce hot water energy consumption can offset some environmental impacts but result in increases to others, including cumulative energy demand. Results demonstrate the need for additional data on the pathogen treatment performance of NPR systems to inform NPR health guidance.

Potable water

10.3390/su12135459

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Citations (21)

Examining N-limited soil microbial activity using community-level physiological profiling based on O2 consumption

Soil Biology and Biochemistry (2011)

Jay L. Garland María Celina Zabaloy Michele Birmele Cheryl L. Mackowiak R. Michael Lehman

Soil respiration

10.1016/j.soilbio.2011.12.016

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Citations (17)

Survival of potentially pathogenic human-associated bacteria in the rhizosphere of hydroponically grown wheat

FEMS Microbiology Ecology (1996)

Anabelle Morales Jay L. Garland Daniel V. Lim

Plants may serve as reservoirs for human-associated bacteria (H-AB) in long-term space missions containing bioregenerative life support systems. The current study examined the abilities of five human-associated potential pathogens, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Pseudomonas cepacia, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes and Escherichia coli, to colonize and grow in the rhizosphere of hydroponically grown wheat, a candidate crop for life support. All of these bacteria have been recovered from past NASA missions and present potential problems for future missions. The abilities of these organisms to adhere to the roots of axenic five-day-old wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Yecora rojo) were evaluated by enumeration of the attached organisms after a one hour incubation of roots in a suspension (approximately 108 cfu ml−1) of the H-AB. Results showed that a greater percentage of P. aeruginosa cells adhered to the wheat roots than the other four H-AB. Similarly incubated seedlings were also grown under attempted axenic conditions for seven days to examine the potential of each organism to proliferate in the rhizosphere (root colonization capacity). P. cepacia and P. aeruginosa showed considerable growth, E. coli and S. aureus showed no significant growth, and S. pyogenes died off in the wheat rhizosphere. Studies examining the effects of competition on the survival of these microorganisms indicated that P. aeruginosa was the only organism that survived in the rhizosphere of hydroponically grown wheat in the presence of different levels of microbial competition.

Axenic

10.1111/j.1574-6941.1996.tb00314.x

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Citations (43)

Microbial structural diversity estimated by dilutionâextinction of phenotypic traits and T-RFLP analysis along a land-use intensification gradient

FEMS Microbiology Ecology (2004)

Elena Gómez Jay L. Garland Michael S. Roberts

The present work tested whether the relationship between functional traits and inoculum density reflected structural diversity in bacterial communities from a land-use intensification gradient applying a mathematical model. Terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) analysis was also performed to provide an independent assessment of species richness. Successive 10-fold dilutions of a soil suspension were inoculated onto Biolog GN(R) microplates. Soil bacterial density was determined by total cell and plate counts. The relationship between phenotypic traits and inoculum density fit the model, allowing the estimation of maximal phenotypic potential (Rmax) and inoculum density (KI) at which Rmax will be half-reduced. Though Rmax decreased with time elapsed since clearing of native vegetation, KI remained high in two of the disturbed sites. The genetic pool of bacterial community did not experience a significant reduction, but the active fraction responding in the Biolog assay was adversely affected, suggesting a reduction in the functional potential.

Serial dilution

Extinction (optical mineralogy)

Dilution

10.1016/j.femsec.2004.03.012

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Citations (32)

Analytical approaches to the characterization of samples of microbial communities using patterns of potential C source utilization

Soil Biology and Biochemistry (1996)

Jay L. Garland

Acridine orange

10.1016/0038-0717(95)00112-3

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Citations (647)

The Relationship Between Electron Transport Activity as Measured by CTC Reduction and CO 2 Production in Mixed Microbial Communities

Microbial Ecology (1997)

Kimberly Cook Jay L. Garland

Tetrazolium chloride

Formazan

Cellular respiration

Respirometry

10.1007/s002489900053

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Citations (31)

Sustainable Water Systems for the City of Tomorrow—A Conceptual Framework

Sustainability (2015)

Xin Ma Xiaobo Xue Alejandra M. González-Mejía Jay L. Garland Jennifer L. Cashdollar

Urban water systems are an example of complex, dynamic human–environment coupled systems which exhibit emergent behaviors that transcend individual scientific disciplines. While previous siloed approaches to water services (i.e., water resources, drinking water, wastewater, and stormwater) have led to great improvements in public health protection, sustainable solutions for a growing global population facing increased resource constraints demand a paradigm shift based on holistic management to maximize the use and recovery of water, energy, nutrients, and materials. The objective of this review paper is to highlight the issues in traditional water systems including water demand and use, centralized configuration, sewer collection systems, characteristics of mixed wastewater, and to explore alternative solutions such as decentralized water systems, fit for purpose and water reuse, natural/green infrastructure, vacuum sewer collection systems, and nutrient/energy recovery. This review also emphasizes a system thinking approach for evaluating alternatives that should include sustainability indicators and metrics such as emergy to assess global system efficiency. An example paradigm shift design for urban water system is presented, not as the recommended solution for all environments, but to emphasize the framework of system-level analysis and the need to visualize water services as an organic whole. When water systems are designed to maximize the resources and optimum efficiency, they are more prevailing and sustainable than siloed management because a system is more than the sum of its parts.

Systems Thinking

Emergy

Paradigm shift

10.3390/su70912071

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Citations (86)

Integration of waste processing and biomass production systems as part of the KSC Breadboard project

Advances in Space Research (1997)

Jay L. Garland Cheryl L. Mackowiak Richard F. Strayer Barry W. Finger

Life support system

Hydroponics

Biodegradable waste

10.1016/s0273-1177(97)00847-8

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Citations (42)