Jim Patel

Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation

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i-10 index

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Chao’en Li

Xiangtan University

James Tardio

RMIT University

Nick Burke

Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation

Naresh Gutta

Indian Institute of Chemical Technology

A. Venugopal

Indian Institute of Chemical Technology

Woojin Lee

Nazarbayev University

Yunxia Yang

Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation

Karen Kozielski

Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation

Seng Lim

Cornell University

Liangguang Tang

Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation

Cooperative Institutions

Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation

CSIRO Manufacturing

Indian Institute of Chemical Technology

Health Sciences and Nutrition

University of Hyderabad

Australian Resources Research Centre

RMIT University

Institute of Catalysis and Petrochemistry

Clayton Foundation

Monash University

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Evaluation and outlook for Australian renewable energy export via circular liquid hydrogen carriers

International Journal of Hydrogen Energy (2023)

Chao’en Li Valérie Sage Tianyi Wang Liangguang Tang Yunxia Yang

To combat global temperature rise, we need affordable, clean, and renewable energy that does not add carbon to the atmosphere. Hydrogen is a promising option because it can be used as a carbon-free energy source. However, storing and transporting pure hydrogen in liquid or gaseous forms is challenging. To overcome the limitations associated with conventional compressed and liquefied hydrogen or physio-chemical adsorbents for bulk storage and transport, hydrogen can be attached to other molecules known as hydrogen carriers. Circular carriers, which involve the production of CO2 or nitrogen during the hydrogen recovery process, include substances such as methanol, ammonia, or synthetic natural gas. These carriers possess higher gravimetric and volumetric hydrogen densities (i.e., 12.5 wt% and 11.88 MJ/L for methanol) than cyclic carriers (i.e., 6.1 wt% and 5.66 MJ/L for methylcyclohexane (MCH)) which produce cyclic organic chemicals during dehydrogenation. This makes circular carriers particularly appealing for the Australian energy export market. Furthermore, the production-decomposition cycle of circular carriers can be made carbon-neutral if they are derived from renewable H2 sources and combined with atmospheric or biomass-based CO2 or nitrogen. The key parameters are investigated in this study focusing on circular hydrogen carriers relevant to Australia. The parameters are ranked from 0 (worst) to 10 (best) depending on the bandwidth of the parameter in this review. Methanol shows great potential as a cost-effective solution for long-distance transport of renewable energy being a liquid at standard conditions with a boiling point of 64.7 °C. Methane is also an important hydrogen carrier due to the availability of natural gas infrastructure, and its role as a significant export product for Australia.

Energy carrier

10.1016/j.ijhydene.2023.10.009

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Citations (15)

Is the structure of anisotropic pyrolytic carbon a consequence of growth by the Volmer-Weber island growth mechanism?

Carbon (2012)

Woojin Lee Chao’en Li James Gunning Nick Burke Jim Patel

Pyrolytic carbon

Carbon fibers

10.1016/j.carbon.2012.05.052

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Citations (19)

Liquefied synthetic methane from ambient CO2 and renewable H2 - A technoeconomic study

Journal of Natural Gas Science and Engineering (2021)

Ali Kiani Michaël Lejeune Chao’en Li Jim Patel Paul Feron

Methane has enormous potential as a carrier for renewable H2. The required infrastructure for a methane gas economy is readily available, and it can compete with its energy-intensive liquefied hydrogen (LH2) counterpart. In this work, we conducted a technoeconomic analysis of the production of liquefied synthetic methane (LSM) from ambient CO2 and renewable H2. The process entails (1) capture of CO2 directly from ambient air, referred to as Direct Air Capture (DAC) using an amine-based system; (2) generation of H2 from renewable sources, (3) conversion of CO2 and H2 to synthetic methane; and (4) liquefaction of synthetic methane. The technoeconomic model used in this study is based on mass/material energy flow analysis and includes the economics of all processes involved. Building on our previous work, we reduced the overall capture cost for the studied scale of 0.291 t/h CO2 production from US$557 to ~$365/tCO2. At a scale equivalent to 1 MtCO2/year capture, which is the basis for production of LSM in this work, we estimated the cost of DAC to be ~$114/tCO2. Per GJ of methane produced, the overall cost of LSM was ~$31.5/GJ, comprising around $21.7/GJ ($2.4/kg H2) for hydrogen production, $5.6/GJ for DAC, $1.4/GJ for methanation and $2.8/GJ for methane liquefaction. The energy conversion efficiency of LSM was lower than for LH2, mainly due to the large amount of heat required for DAC. The levelised cost per unit of energy for LSM was lower at small scales, while the costs were the same (~$32/GJ) at a larger scale of 180 kt/year hydrogen production. Our detailed analysis provides insights into the suitability of LSM as a carbon-neutral fuel that can compete economically with LH2.

Methanation

Liquefied natural gas

10.1016/j.jngse.2021.104079

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Citations (37)

Feasibility and sustainability analyses of carbon dioxide – hydrogen separation via de-sublimation process in comparison with other processes

International Journal of Hydrogen Energy (2019)

Tarabordin Yurata Hongwu Lei Liangguang Tang Meng Lu Jim Patel

Petrochemical

Hydrogen purifier

10.1016/j.ijhydene.2019.07.032

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Citations (32)

The undiluted, non-catalytic partial oxidation of methane in a flow tube reactor – An experimental study using indirect induction heating

Fuel (2013)

Chao’en Li Nick Burke Karl Gerdes Jim Patel

Partial oxidation

Stoichiometry

10.1016/j.fuel.2013.02.055

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Citations (25)

Promotional Effect of Cu and Influence of Surface Ni–Cu Alloy for Enhanced H₂ Yields from CH₄ Decomposition over Cu-Modified Ni Supported on MCM-41 Catalyst

Energy & Fuels (2018)

Naresh Gutta Vijay K. Velisoju Anjaneyulu Chatla Venu Boosa James Tardio

Catalysts based on MCM-41 decorated with 35–70 nm diameter Ni particles were tested for the production of hydrogen by catalytic decomposition of methane (CDM). About 122 N m3 (molNi)−1 hydrogen yield was achieved over a catalyst comprised of optimized Ni loading of 50 wt % Ni/MCM-41. The H2 yield increased dramatically to 204 N m3 (molNi)−1, upon modification with 10 wt % Cu. The presence of Cu, in contact to Ni, appeared to reduce the sintering and coking of the active Ni sites, which enhanced the longevity of the catalyst. Raman analysis of the catalysts recovered after CDM experiments revealed that doping of Cu to Ni/MCM-41 enhanced the graphitic carbon deposition over the catalyst. All of the samples (Ni and Ni–Cu-modified MCM-41) were characterized by H2 chemisorption, SEM/TEM, XPS, XRD, H2-TPR, N2O titration, and Raman spectroscopy to examine the bulk and surface properties of the catalysts.

Chemisorption

10.1021/acs.energyfuels.7b03363

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Citations (37)

CH₄ Cracking over the Cu–Ni/Al-MCM-41 Catalyst for the Simultaneous Production of H₂ and Highly Ordered Graphitic Carbon Nanofibers

Energy & Fuels (2019)

Naresh Gutta Vijay K. Velisoju James Tardio Jim Patel L. Satyanarayana

The Cu–Ni bimetallic catalysts dispersed on various silica supports were examined for catalytic cracking of CH4 to produce pure H2 with near-zero COx emissions and fine quality carbon nanofibers. The 27Al magic angle spinning (MAS) NMR spectra of Al-containing MCM-41 samples revealed the existence of a framework- and an extra framework-decorated Al species. Insertion of Al species into the framework of MCM-41 significantly improved the accessible active surface Ni sites, which was confirmed from the simultaneous H2 and N2O pulse titration techniques. NH3-temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) measurements demonstrated a high ratio of moderate and strong acid sites upon Al insertion into the silica matrix. The framework tetrahedral Al in MCM-41 stabilized the surface Cu–Ni alloy sites and protected them from the sintering and fragmentation of Ni; consequently, the enhanced H2 yields of 270 Nm3/(molNi)−1 were obtained with a Si/Al ratio of 150 with the catalyst. The better performance of Cu–Ni/Al-MCM-41 (Si/Al = 150) was rationalized using the physicochemical characteristics of the catalyst analyzed by X-ray diffraction, H2-temperature-programmed reduction, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller—surface area, 27Al and 29Si MAS NMR, NH3-TPD, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, H2 and/or N2O titration, and Raman spectroscopic techniques.

Bimetallic strip

Temperature-programmed reduction

Magic angle spinning

10.1021/acs.energyfuels.9b02819

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Citations (20)

Nano size Hβ zeolite as an effective support for Ni and Ni Cu for CO x free hydrogen production by catalytic decomposition of methane

International Journal of Hydrogen Energy (2016)

Naresh Gutta Velisoju Vijay Kumar Ch. Anjaneyulu James Tardio Suresh K. Bhargava

Bimetallic strip

Chemisorption

10.1016/j.ijhydene.2016.09.131

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Citations (39)

Recent progress and techno-economic analysis of liquid organic hydrogen carriers for Australian renewable energy export – A critical review

International Journal of Hydrogen Energy (2024)

Valérie Sage Jim Patel Philip Hazewinkel Qurat Ul Ain Yasin Feng Wang

Hydrogen, as a primary carbon-free energy carrier is confronted by challenges in storage and transportation. However, liquid organic hydrogen carriers (LOHCs) present a promising solution for storing and transporting hydrogen at ambient temperature and atmospheric pressure. Unlike circular energy carriers such as methanol, ammonia, and synthetic natural gas, LOHCs do not produce by-products during hydrogen recovery. LOHCs only act as hydrogen carriers and the carriers can also be recycled for reuse. Although there are considerable advantages to LOHCs, there are also some drawbacks, especially relative to the energy consumption during the dehydrogenation step of the LOHC recycling. This review summarizes the recent progresses in LOHC technologies, focusing on catalyst developments, process and reactor designs, applications, and techno-economic assessments (TEA). LOHC technologies can potentially offer significant benefits to Australia, especially in terms of hydrogen as an export commodity. LOHCs can help avoid capital costs associated with infrastructure, such as transportation vessels, while reducing hydrogen loss during transportation, such as in the case of liquid hydrogen (LH2). Additionally, it minimises CO2 emissions, as observed in methane and methanol reforming. Thus, it is essential to dedicate more efforts to explore and develop LOHC technologies in the Australian context.

Energy carrier

Capital cost

Commodity chemicals

Power-to-Gas

10.1016/j.ijhydene.2023.12.269

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Citations (23)

The pyrolysis of natural gas: A study of carbon deposition and the suitability of reactor materials

AIChE Journal (2018)

Steven Wang Woojin Lee Chao’en Li Benny Kuan Nick Burke

This study of methane pyrolysis was designed to look at carbon deposition on the internal reactor and wafer surface during CH 4 pyrolysis. The rate of carbon deposition on the internal reactor surfaces could be reduced with: lower methane/oxygen ratios, shorter residence times, and lower temperatures. The type of carbon formed appeared to have a significant effect on the pyrolysis process. Pyrolytic carbon with a lower order structure produces a higher selectivity for carbon formation compared to carbon with a higher order structure. Form a process perspective, there are two obvious means of addressing this: deposited carbon could be regularly removed; and/or pyrolysis conditions are selected that produce carbon with a higher order structure. From the results, it is very clear that any development of a commercial process for natural gas pyrolysis in ceramic reactor systems would have to carefully address the selection of reactor material. © 2018 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J , 65: 1035–1046, 2019

Pyrolytic carbon

Carbon fibers

Deposition

10.1002/aic.16474

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Citations (14)