To reduce or evaluate the damage of tunnels in seismically active areas when earthquakes happen, it is very important to quickly predict the tunnel damage. This study proposes an anti-entropy–fuzzy analytic hierarchy process (FAHP) combination weighting method for tunnel earthquake damage prediction. The tunnel cross section is a symmetrical structure. The method uses tunnel damage data from the tunnels in a region where earthquake disasters have occurred as sample data to calculate the standard earthquake damage index. The weights of evaluation factors are determined by combining the FAHP and anti-entropy weighting. The correction coefficient of each evaluation factor is obtained by considering the degree of each evaluation factor’s influence on the average damage index. Then, the earthquake damage and the corresponding damage degree of each tunnel are obtained by weighting calculation. In this study, 55 tunnels in the Wenchuan earthquake-affected area are taken as analysis cases. In these cases, 45 cases of damage tunnels are used as sample data, and 10 random tunnels are used as training cases. The calculated results are compared with the observed results. The proposed method is confirmed simple and easy to implement, which can greatly reduce the workload of field investigation, calculation and analysis. The results is of great significance to the rapid earthquake emergency assessment and post earthquake recovery of tunnels.
This article presents nondimensional solutions for laterally loaded piles in sand considering nonlinear soil–pile interactions. A nonlinear elastoplastic p–y model, termed the H-model, is introduced, and its ability to model the responses of laterally loaded piles in sand is demonstrated. Nondimensional forms of both the H-model and the governing equation for laterally loaded piles are then derived, after which the nondimensional responses of free-head piles subject to lateral forces and moments and that of fixed-head piles subject to lateral forces are evaluated using the finite-element method. It is found that (1) the pile responses are significantly affected by the nondimensional pile length; and (2) using nonlinear soil–pile interaction, the critical length of the pile increases with increasing normalized displacement and is noticeably larger than that utilizing linear soil–pile interaction. The quantitative nondimensional relationship between force and the moment responses of free- and fixed-head long piles is also obtained. Two design curves, normalized force against normalized displacement and normalized force against maximum normalized moment, are presented. Illustrative examples are given to show the step-by-step procedure for how the curves could be used in practice to estimate the behavior of piles.
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