Issyk‐Kul Lake is one of the largest brackish water lakes in the world. Being a closed‐basin lake, it is susceptible to volume changes caused by natural climatic variability, as well as human‐induced water diversion from the basin. Long‐term lake level records indicate that lake levels are declining and that salinity is increasing because of evapoconcentration. We present the first trace element data for this important lacustrine system and, using both ours and previously published data, investigate the geochemical dynamics within the watershed.
Abstract Nitrogen budget calculations performed for highflow and low-flow years in the major sub-basins of the Upper Mississippi River watershed show differences in nitrogen applications and discharges. Nitrogen budgets show that fertilizer is the most important input of nitrogen to the basins, but also show that atmospheric input and animal manures can be significant inputs of nitrogen to the basins. The transport of nitrogen from the land to rivers varies with the prevailing hydrologic conditions. The annual nitrogen budgets are not balanced. In years of high precipitation and river discharge, more nitrogen can be removed than had been applied that year, presumably from N stored in the soil or ground water. Storage of nitrogen in soils is a major unknown in the model, but calculations suggest that it is a significant reservoir of N.
Abstract Concentrations of mercury (Hg) were determined in surface waters and associated river bank sediment samples in a river—reservoir system contaminated by mine wastes. The distribution of total and methyl Hg in surface waters along the Carson River was similar to that measured in river bank sediments and influenced by flow regimes. High levels of Hg (up to 7,585 and 7.2 ng Hg/L for total and methyl Hg, respectively) determined on surface water samples were in large part discharged from Hg‐contaminated tailings, distributed in the river bank sediments. Once introduced into the river during the spring snowmelt runoff, Hg was transported downstream and accumulated in the lacustrine part of the system. Elemental Hg (Hg 0 ) increased from 0.02 ng/L in the noncontaminated region to about 2 ng/L in the reservoir. The vertical distribution of total methylmercury (MeHg T ) in water of the reservoir differs from that observed elsewhere, in both Hg‐contaminated and noncontaminated lakes. The highest levels of MeHg T (<1 ng/L as Hg) and acid‐reactive Hg (4 ng/L) were observed in the alkaline and oxic surface waters. The decrease of pH with depth and the absence of oxygen in depth >10 m did not enhance MeHg production. In the anoxic hypolimnion of the reservoir, the recycling of MeHg T was more influenced by the redox cycling of Mn. The addition of group VI anions (SeO 2− 4 , MoO 2− 4 , and WO 2− 4 ) in the range of concentrations of oxyanion‐forming elements found in the Carson River system to anoxic sediment slurry spiked with SO 2− 4 resulted in the reduction of rates of MeHg production. Their negative effect on MeHg production was enhanced by increasing pH. Group VI anions, analogous to SO 2− 4 are inhibitory to sulfate‐reducing bacteria, which are known to play a key role in MeHg production in anoxic sediments. Accordingly, the particular water geochemistry of the Carson River system could partly explain the observed low levels of MeHg where one would expect higher concentrations.
The preparation of aqueous suspensions of carbon-based nanomaterials (NMs) requires the use of dispersing agents to overcome their hydrophobic character. Although studies on the toxicity of NMs have focused primarily on linking the characteristics of particles to biological responses, the role of dispersing agents has been overlooked. This study assessed the biological effects of a number of commonly used dispersing agents on Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata and Ceriodaphnia dubia as model test organisms. The results show that for a given organism, NM toxicity can be mitigated by use of nontoxic surfactants, and that a multispecies approach is necessary to account for the sensitivity of different organisms. In addition to the intrinsic physicochemical properties of NMs, exposure studies should take into account the effects of used dispersing fluids.
The addition of group VI anions to sediment slurries resulted in the inhibition of the rate of mercury (Hg) methylation. The ranking of inhibition is as follows: tellurate (TeO) > selenate (TeO) > molybdate (MoO) > tungstate (WO). In sediment slurries treated with TeO and SeO, methylmercury (MeHg) formation was significantly inhibited (p < 0.05) at the concentrations >50 nM of TeO and >270 nM of SeO, while the significant inhibition (p < 0.05) of Hg-methylation by MoO and WO was observed in slurries spiked at final concentrations ≥100 μM and ≥700 μM, respectively. Increasing the sulfate (SO) concentration while using fixed concentrations of inhibitors led to the partial reestablishment of some MeHg production in WO-treated slurries, whereas, no such significant change was noticed in sediment slurries treated with MoO and TeO. These observations suggested that WO inhibits Hg methylation by a competitive mechanism, while MoO and TeO are noncompetitive inhibitors. Selenate and SO showed a qualitatively similar effect on Hg methylation at concentrations tested, in that each showed stimulation at low concentrations and inhibition at high concentrations. The depression of MeHg formation by group VI anions was not accompanied by an inhibition of general microbial activity, suggesting that only particular microorganisms, such as sulfate-reducing bacteria, are responsible for Hg methylation. Finally, in the concentration ranges encountered in most natural aquatic environments, the inhibition of MeHg production by group VI anions is unlikely, except in systems where those elements are found in anomalously high concentrations.