Analyses of soil water and groundwater samples from a high-elevation coniferous ecosystem in New England indicate that sulfate anions supply 76 percent of the electrical charge balance in the leaching solution. This result implies that atmospheric inputs of sulfuric acid provide the dominant source of both H + for cation replacement and mobile anions for cation transport in subalpine soils of the northeastern region affected by acid precipitation. In soils of relatively unpolluted regions, carbonic and organic acids dominate the leaching processes.
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Forty-five Hawaiian lavas were analyzed quantitatively for K and Rb by X-ray fluorescence. These rocks are members of the tholeiitic and alkali series. The authors have divided the alkali volcanic series into the low-potassium alkali lavas (less than 2 per cent K) and the high-potassium alkali lavas (more than 2 per cent K). The K/Rb ratio in the tholeiitic and low-potassium alkali lavas is 512±11, whereas values as low as 260 have been measured from high-potassium alkali lavas. The K/Rb ratio in the high-potassium alkali lavas decreases systematically with increasing K content. The K/Rb ratio of 260 is similar to the ratio in continental igneous rocks. The K/Rb ratio of 512 may be representative of the upper oceanic mantle. The K/Rb ratio remains fairly constant in normally differentiated rock suites. Therefore, the distinct change in the K/Rb ratio of the high-potassium alkali lavas suggests contamination of the Hawaiian magma with Rb-rich material or differential gaseous transfer of the alkalis. The results support a nonchondritic earth model.
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