Abstract Metal‐ion batteries have emerged as promising candidates for energy storage system due to their unlimited resources and competitive price/performance ratio. Vanadium‐based compounds have diverse oxidation states rendering various open‐frameworks for ions storage. To date, some vanadium‐based polyanionic compounds have shown great potential as high‐performance electrode materials. However, there has been a growing concern regarding the cost and environmental risk of vanadium. In this Review, all links in the industry chain of vanadium‐based electrodes were comprehensively summarized, starting with an analysis of the resources, applications, and price fluctuation of vanadium. The manufacturing processes of the vanadium extraction and recovery technologies were discussed. Moreover, the commercial potentials of some typical electrode materials were critically appraised. Finally, the environmental impact and sustainability of the industry chain were evaluated. This critical Review will provide a clear vision of the prospects and challenges of developing vanadium‐based electrode materials.
Adjusting the hydrocarbon product distribution is the focus of the Fischer–Tropsch synthesis (FTS) reaction. A novel FeMn@C core–shell catalyst with bimetallic FeMn nanoparticles encapsulated in a carbon shell was synthesized by a one-step solvothermal method. In the FTS reaction, this catalyst exhibited higher catalytic activity and C5+ hydrocarbons (especially for 63.3% C5–12 gasoline range products) selectivity as well as excellent stability compared to the Fe@C or traditional FeMn/SiO2 catalyst. The superior activity could be attributed to the enrichment of Fe elements at the margin stemming from the replacement of central Mn species, promoting the formation of more active iron carbides by combining with the surrounding carbonaceous matter. Particularly, the "confinement effect" of the core–shell structure for FeMn@C facilitated the polymerization of light olefins produced by Mn-modified Fe nanoparticles, resulting in more heavy hydrocarbons and enhanced stability. This work showed new insights to develop a potential FTS catalyst candidate.
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