The hazard index (HI) and carcinogenic risk due to the exposure of some potentially toxic elements to the Santiago Island (Cape Verde) population were calculated, considering soil ingestion, inhalation, and dermal contact as exposure pathways. The topsoil of Santiago Island, compared with that of the upper continental crust, is enriched with Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, V, Zn, Mn, and Cd. Hazard indices (HIs) for these metals and the As exposures to the Santiago Island population were calculated, and these calculations were performed for children and adults. For children, HIs were higher than 1 for Co, Cr, and Mn. Therefore, there is an indication of potential non-carcinogenic risk for children, due to the high Co (HI = 2.995), Cr (HI = 1.329), and Mn (HI = 1.126) values in these soils. For the other elements, in adults, there is no potential non-carcinogenic risk. Cancer risk for As, Cd, Cr, and Ni exposures, in adults and children, was calculated, and the results are mainly lower than the carcinogenic target risk of 1 × 10−6 for As, Cd, and Ni. However, in adults, cancer risk is higher than the carcinogenic target risk for Cr. Regarding As, for children, the fraction due to Riskingestion represents 51.6%, while Riskinhalation represents 48.0% and Riskdermalcontact represents only 0.4% of the total risk. For adults, Riskinhalation represents 81.3%, Riskingestion represents 16.6%, and Riskdermal contact represents 2.1%. These results reflect the higher daily ingestion dose for children and the higher inhalation rate and higher dermal contact surface for adults. For the other elements, the cancer risk due to Cr, Ni, and Cd inhalation is always higher for adults than it is for children, reflecting the higher inhalation rate for adults.
In this work, we analyze the spatial relationships between land-use and lithology in the wine production region of Bairrada (Portugal) and present a new lithological map (1:50,000) created for the region, highlighting the associations with specific types of land-use. The study was focused on the area of Bairrada that establishes the appellation DOC-VQPRD wines. The region shows a heterogeneous lithology and land-use and it is found that these two variables are not independent. Three different zones with characteristic land-use and geology can be distinguished in Bairrada: a western zone where aeolian sand deposits are associated with coniferous forests; an eastern zone with Precambrian and Paleozoic metasedimentary units associated with broad leaf forests; and a central zone with diversified Mesozoic and Cenozoic units in which most vineyards are placed. There is a clear association between a Jurassic marly and dolomitic unit and an occupation by vineyards, which is particularly obvious when larger vineyards are considered. The vineyards are also common when these Jurassic units are covered by relatively thin siliciclastic sediments.
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