Rafael Catany

Argans (United Kingdom)

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Carolina Gabarró

Institut de Ciències del Mar

Estrella Olmedo

Institut de Ciències del Mar

Antonio Turiel

Institut Català de Ciències del Clima

Roshin P. Raj

Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research

Jiping Xie

Nansen Environmental and Remote Sensing Center

Manuel Arias

Institut de Ciències del Mar

Justino Martínez

Institut Català de Ciències del Clima

Laurent Bertino

Nansen Environmental and Remote Sensing Center

Roberto Sabia

European Space Research Institute

Cristina González‐Haro

Institut Català de Ciències del Clima

Cooperative Institutions

Institut de Ciències del Mar

Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques

Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique

Institut de Recherche pour le Développement

Ifremer

Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya

Sorbonne Université

Institut Català de Ciències del Clima

Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas

Universität Hamburg

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Overview of the ITT Arctic

Justino Martínez Carolina Gabarró Antonio Turiel Laurent Bertino Rafael Catany

Salinity Science Seminar (FOR1740 and CCI+SSS User Meeting) , 26-27 September, 2019, Hamburg, Germany

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Correlation between Arctic river discharge and sea ice formation in Laptev Sea using sea surface salinity from SMOS satellite

Carolina Gabarró Justino Martínez Verónica González‐Gambau Cristina González‐Haro Estrella Olmedo

During the last 3 decades, the Arctic rivers have increased their discharge around 10%, mainly due to the increase of the global atmospheric temperature. The increase of the river discharge carries higher loads of dissolved organic matter (DOM) and suspended matter (SM) entering to the Arctic Ocean. This results in increased absorption of solar energy in the mixed layer, which can potentially contribute to the general sea ice retreat. Observation based studies (e.g. Bauch et al., 2013) showed correlation between river water discharge and local sea ice melting on the Laptev sea shelf due to the change on the ocean heat. Previous studies are based with a limited number of observations, both in space and in time.Thanks to the ESA SMOS (Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity) and NASA SMAP (Soil Moisture Active Passive) missions we have daily the sea surface salinity (SSS) maps from the Arctic, which permit to observe the salinity variations due to the river discharges. The Arctic sea surface salinity products obtained from SMOS measurements have been improved considerable by the Barcelona Expert Center (BEC) team thanks to the project Arctic+Salinity, funded by ESA. The new version of the product (v3) covers the years from 2011 up to 2018, have a spatial resolution of 25km and are daily maps with 9 day averages. The Arctic+ SSS maps provide a better description of the salinity gradients and a better effective spatial resolution than the previous versions of the Arctic product, so the salinity fronts are better resolved. The quality assessment of the Arctic+SSS product is challenging because, in this region, there are scarce number of in-situ measurements.The high effective spatial resolution of the Arctic+ SSS maps will permit to study for the first time scientific physical processes that occurs in the Arctic. We will explore if a correlation between the Lena and Ob rivers discharge with the sea ice melting and freeze up is observed with satellite data, as already stated with in-situ measurements by Bauch et al. 2013. Salinity and sea ice thickness maps from SMOS and sea ice concentration from OSISAF will be used in this study.&#160;Bauch, D.,H&#246;lemann, J. , Nikulina, A. , Wegner, C., Janout, M., Timokhov, L. and Kassens, H. (2013): Correlation of river water and local sea-ice melting on the Laptev Sea shelf (Siberian Arctic) , Journal of Geophysical Research C: Oceans, 118 (1), pp. 550-561 . doi: 10.1002/jgrc.20076

10.5194/egusphere-egu2020-10052

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Overview of the CCI+SSS project

Jacqueline Boutin Nicolás Reul J. Koehler Adrien Martin Rafael Catany

Sea Surface Salinity (SSS) is an Essential Climate Variable (ECV) that plays a fundamental role in the density-driven global ocean circulation, the water cycle, and climate. The satellite SSS observation from the Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS), Aquarius, and Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) missions have provided an unprecedented opportunity to map SSS over the global ocean since 2010 at 40-150km scale with a revisit every 2 to 3 days. This observation capability has no historic precedent and has brought new findings concerning the monitoring of SSS variations related with climate variability such as El Ni&#241;o-Southern Oscillation, Indian Ocean Dipole, and Madden-Julian Oscillation, and the linkages of the ocean with different elements of the water cycle such as evaporation and precipitation and continental runoff. It has enhanced the understanding of various ocean processes such as tropical instability waves, Rossby waves, mesoscale eddies and related salt transport, salinity fronts, hurricane haline wake, river plume variability, cross-shelf exchanges. There are also emerging use of satellite SSS to study ocean biogeochemistry, e.g. linked to air-sea CO2 fluxes.Following the success of the initial oceanographic studies implementing this new variable, the European Space Agency (ESA) Climate Change Initiative CCI+SSS project (2018-2020) aims at generating improved calibrated global SSS fields over 10 years period (2010-2019) from all available satellite L-band radiometer measurements, extended at regional scale to 2002-2019 from C-band radiometer measurements. It fully exploits the ESA/Earth explorer SMOS mission complemented with SMAP and AQUARIUS satellite missions. The project gathers teams involved in earth observation remote sensing, in the validation of satellite data and in climate variability study. In this presentation, we will present the first CCI+SSS product released to the scientific community (https://catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/uuid/9ef0ebf847564c2eabe62cac4899ec41). The comparisons with in situ ground truth indicate much better performances than the ones obtained with a single satellite data product, with global rmsd against in situ references of 0.16 pss. Large scale interannual variability is successfully reproduced and SSS variability in very variable regions like the Bay of Bengale and in river plumes in the Atlantic Ocean is very satisfactory, confirming the usefulness of these products for scientific studies. Nevertheless we also identify some caveats that will be discussed as well as the ways envisaged to resolve part of them in the next version of the product to be delivered publicly in Summer 2020.The ESA CCI+SSS consortium gathers scientists and engineers from various European research institutes and companies (LOCEAN/IPSL, LOPS, University of Hamburg, NOC, ICM, ARGANS, ACRI-st, ODL) and is conducted in collaboration with US colleagues from NASA and Remote Sensing System.

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Water cycle

10.5194/egusphere-egu2020-7513

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Assimilation of sea surface salinities from SMOS in an Arctic coupled ocean and sea ice reanalysis

Jiping Xie Roshin P. Raj Laurent Bertino Justino Martínez Carolina Gabarró

Abstract. In the Arctic, the sea surface salinity (SSS) plays a key role in processes related to water mixing and sea ice. However, the lack of salinity observations causes large uncertainties in Arctic Ocean forecasts and reanalysis. Recently the Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) satellite mission was used by the Barcelona Expert Centre to propose an Arctic SSS product. In this study, we evaluate the impact of assimilating this data in a coupled ocean-ice data assimilation system. Using the Ensemble Kalman filter from July to December 2016, two assimilation runs assimilated two successive versions of the SMOS SSS product, on top of a pre-existing reanalysis run. The runs were validated against independent in situ salinity profiles in the Arctic. The results show that the biases and the Root Mean Squared Differences (RMSD) of SSS are reduced by 10 % to 50 % depending on areas and put the latest product to its advantage. The time series of Freshwater Content (FWC) further show that its seasonal cycle can be adjusted by assimilation of the SSS products, which is encouraging for its use in a long-time reanalysis to monitor the Arctic water cycle.

SSS*

Water cycle

10.5194/egusphere-2022-660

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Assessment of the correlation between river discharge and sea ice growing in Laptev sea

Carolina Gabarró Justino Martínez Marta Umbert Cristina González‐Haro Estrella Olmedo

10.13039/501100000844

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Comment on essd-2021-334

Justino MartÃnez Carolina GabarrÃ Antonio Turiel VerÃ nica GonzÃ¡lez-Gambau Marta Umbert

Abstract. Measuring salinity from space is challenging since the sensitivity of the brightness temperature (T_B) to sea surface salinity (SSS) is low (about 0.5âKâpsu^â1), while the SSS range in the open ocean is narrow (about 5âpsu, if river discharge areas are not considered). This translates into a high accuracy requirement of the radiometer (about 2â3âK). Moreover, the sensitivity of the T_B to SSS at cold waters is even lower (0.3âKâpsu^â1), making the retrieval of the SSS in the cold waters even more challenging. Due to this limitation, the ESA launched a specific initiative in 2019, the Arctic+Salinity project (AO/1-9158/18/I-BG), to produce an enhanced Arctic SSS product with better quality and resolution than the available products. This paper presents the methodologies used to produce the new enhanced Arctic SMOS SSS product (MartÃnez et al.,Â 2019) . The product consists of 9âd averaged maps in an EASE 2.0 grid of 25âkm. The product is freely distributed from the Barcelona Expert Center (BEC, http://bec.icm.csic.es/, last access: 25Â JanuaryÂ 2022) with the DOI number https://doi.org/10.20350/digitalCSIC/12620 (MartÃnez et al.,Â 2019). The major change in this new product is its improvement of the effective spatial resolution that permits better monitoring of the mesoscale structures (larger than 50âkm), which benefits the river discharge monitoring.

SSS*

10.5194/essd-2021-334-rc2

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Reply on RC2

Jiping Xie Roshin P. Raj Laurent Bertino Justino MartÃnez Carolina GabarrÃ

In the Arctic, the sea surface salinity (SSS) plays a key role in processes related to water mixing and sea ice. However, the lack of salinity observations causes large uncertainties in Arctic Ocean forecasts and reanalysis. Recently the Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) satellite mission was used by the Barcelona Expert Centre to propose an Arctic SSS product. In this study, we evaluate the impact of assimilating this data in a coupled ocean-ice data assimilation system. Using the Ensemble Kalman filter from July to December 2016, two assimilation runs assimilated two successive versions of the SMOS SSS product, on top of a pre-existing reanalysis run. The runs were validated against independent in situ salinity profiles in the Arctic. The results show that the biases and the Root Mean Squared Differences (RMSD) of SSS are reduced by 10 % to 50 % depending on areas and put the latest product to its advantage. The time series of Freshwater Content (FWC) further show that its seasonal cycle can be adjusted by assimilation of the SSS products, which is encouraging for its use in a long-time reanalysis to monitor the Arctic water cycle.

SSS*

Water cycle

10.5194/egusphere-2022-660-cc3

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Global validation of the ESA CCI+SSS products

Adrien Martin Sébastien Guimbard Jacqueline Boutin Nicolás Reul Rafael Catany

The European Space Agency (ESA) Climate Change Initiative for Sea Surface Salinity (CCI+SSS) project aims at generating long-term, improved, calibrated global SSS fields from space.&#160;The project started in mid-2018 and in its first year has produced a 9-year dataset (2010-2018) from the three available L-band radiometer satellites (SMOS: Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity; Aquarius; SMAP: Soil Moisture Active Passive) and validated it against in situ references (Argo and ISAS: In Situ Analysis System). The dataset is available at https://catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/uuid/9ef0ebf847564c2eabe62cac4899ec41.The comparisons with in situ ground truth indicate much better performances than the ones obtained with a single satellite data product, with global precision against in situ references of 0.16 pss and 0.10 pss in areas with low variability.&#160;There is a very good agreement between the CCI dataset and references, including long-term stability, with differences within +-0.05 pss for global ocean within [40&#176;S-20&#176;N]. At higher latitude, we observe seasonal oscillation of the CCI SSS difference against references.&#160;The CCI SSS products uncertainty have been validated against references and show good agreement as long as the spatial representativeness is considered in presence of strong spatial gradients in salinity.

SSS*

Argo

10.5194/egusphere-egu2020-11683

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Arctic+ Salinity: Algorithm Theoretical Baseline Document

Justino Martínez Carolina Gabarró Antonio Turiel Rafael Catany

Baseline (sea)

10.13140/rg.2.2.12195.58401

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Citations (16)

Reply on RC3