T.J. Wijffels

Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research

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B.A. Lubelli

Delft University of Technology

R.P.J. van Hees

Delft University of Technology

M.R. de Rooij

Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research

J. Petković

Eindhoven University of Technology

J.A. Larbi

Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research

Rob van Hees

Delft University of Technology

Cjwp Groot

Caspar Groot

Delft University of Technology

T.G. Nijland

Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research

Paweł Krzemiński

Norwegian Institute for Water Research

Cooperative Institutions

Delft University of Technology

Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research

English Heritage

Eindhoven University of Technology

Roosevelt Institute for American Studies

University of Alicante

Universidad Nacional de Colombia

Japan External Trade Organization

KU Leuven

Norwegian Institute for Water Research

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Aspects of salt damage in restoration plasters and renders

Cjwp Groot B.A. Lubelli R.P.J. van Hees T.J. Wijffels M.R. de Rooij

This paper reports provisional test results and their analysis on moisture-salt transport in restoration plasters obtained in the EU project COMPASS. First, some basic notions regarding salt damage in plasters / renders (plasters) are treated. Subsequently, using various simple as well as advanced experimental techniques (porsuring a multidisciplinary interpretation of the test results) it is shown that differences in porosity significantly affect moisture-salt transport in plaster-substrate combinations. Finally, the test results are related to damage occuring in practice

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DETERIORATION OF HISTORIC BRICK MASONRY DUE TO COMBINED GYPSUM, ETTRINGITE AND THAUMASITE: A CASE STUDY

T.J. Wijffels Timo G. Nijland

A case study is presented of severe deterioration of historic late 19th century brick masonry due to combined gypsum, ettringite and thaumasite. The case is remarkable, because these minerals developed in the original mortar made up by a mixture of Rhenish trass and lime, in which in particular for ettringite, no specific precursor (such as C3A in ordinary Portland cement), could be identified. The case study demonstrates that, regardless the sulphate resistant reputation of trass cements, trass - lime mortars may suffer from sulphate attack. Historic brick masonry may be damaged severely. Proper restoration requires prior assessment of any damage. The nature and amount of damage has a huge influence on both restoration techniques to be used and associated costs. In the present paper, a case of severely deteriorated historic brick masonry is described. The investigated structure, Moerputten Bridge, is a discarded railway bridge near the city of 's Hertogenbosch in the south of the Netherlands (Fig. 1). The bridge was built late 19 th century and discarded in 1972. The bridge is made up by a steel construction based on 35 piles and 2 abutments of brick masonry. The piles have dimensions of 10.5 (L) x 2 (W) x 5 (H) metres. Brick masonry is covered by Belgian limestone ('petit granite'). Part of the masonry has been restored in the past. Planned re-opening of the bridge for the general public and its conservation as a state monument, required restoration of the masonry. The masonry displays a damage pattern similar to that of masonry cracking due to high compressive forces and frost damage. Petrographic investigation, however,

Ettringite

Brick

Lime mortar

Bridge (graph theory)

Masonry veneer

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Development of a new accelerated salt crystallization test

T.J. Wijffels B.A. Lubelli

TNO Built Environment and Geosciences has developed, in cooperation with other institutes in the European project Compass1, a new accelerated salt crystallization test. In this paper the design process leading to the definition of this test is described. Preliminary tests studying the influence of the environmental conditions on the damage development showed that the use of a high, but still realistic, temperature can enhance salt damage. The use of wet-dry cycles was found to be more effective than a continuous immersion of the specimens in salt solution. Experiments on different substrate/plaster combinations pointed out the relevance of the pore size of the system for the occurrence and type of decay: a coarse porous substrate may lead to faster damage to the plaster than a fine porous substrate. On the basis of the results obtained from this preliminary research a new accelerated test has been developed. The developed test procedure has been used in the crystallization experiments performed in the COMPASS project and has been proven to be effective even for the so-called “salt resistant” plasters.

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Thaumasite swelling in historic mortars: field observations and laboratory research

Cement and Concrete Composites (2003)

R.P.J. van Hees T.J. Wijffels L.J.A.R. van der Klugt

Laboratory test

Lime mortar

10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2003.07.003

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Aspects of salt and moisture transport in restoration renders (plasters)

Cjwp Groot R.P.J. van Hees B.A. Lubelli T.J. Wijffels M.R. de Rooij

There is a need for obtaining more knowledge about renders (plasters) used in restoration because of cases of damage observed in the field. The currently applied and available restoration renders do not always meet the requirements By analyzing damage cases it becomes clear that the performance of modern and traditional renders, under salt load is not fully understood. In oreder to gain a better understanding of salt migration through renders and to promote better practices regarding the application of resoration renders, the European research project COMPASS (compatibility of renders with salt-loaded substrates in historic buildings) was launched. In this paper, preliminary findings from project are presented

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Transient Bond Strength in Calcium Silicate Facing Brick Masonry

O.C.G. Adan T.J. Wijffels

Calcium silicate

Brick

Transient (computer programming)

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Historic trass - lime mortars with expansive reactions: Characterization and repair strategies

R.P.J. van Hees T.G. Nijland J.A. Larbi T.J. Wijffels H.J.P. Brocken

The characterisation of two ancient mortars in historic bridges, suffering damage due to thaumasite and other swelling compounds is described. Characterisation was part of the analysis of damage occurring to the brick masonry structure. Expansive reactions were found to have taken place, being the cause of the damage to the masonry. In both cases hydraulic mortars were involved: lime mortars with pozzolanic aggregate. One case concerned the mortar of a 18th century canal bridge in Amsterdam, the other the mortar of a 19th century railway bridge. In both cases the strategy to deal with the problem should consist of a combination of reduction of moisture penetration, combined with a mortar meant to be better compatible with the conditions of the masonr y (i.e. the presence of moisture and of sulfate). Generally a trass-lime mortar is considered to be a good choice under the described conditions. Possible explanations for its failure are discussed

Lime mortar

Expansive

Alkali–aggregate reaction

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Selection of plasters and renders for salt laden masonry substrates

Construction and Building Materials (2008)

Caspar Groot Rob van Hees T.J. Wijffels

Service life

10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2008.09.013

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Citations (61)

Laser cleaning of black weathered Obernkirchen sandstone

T.G. Nijland T.J. Wijffels C.W. Dubelaar J.A. Larbi

Formation of thin, black, well adhering weathering layers on pure sandstones used as building stone is well known phenomenon, described from several countries and on several types of sandstones. In the Netherlands, sandstones from the Lower Saxony basin in Germany, notably the Bentheim and Obernkirchen sandstones, have been used for many prominent monuments from the 11 century onwards, and especially in the 14 til 17 century. Both sandstones show the formation of thin black weathering layers. Whereas layers on the Bentheim sandstone are generally thicker (up to a few quartz grains), layers on the Obernkirchen sandstone are very thin. In both cases, the layers are made up by opaque matter, such as soot and metallic particles, Fe(hydr)oxides and gypsum, whereas algae and/or fungi are present in many cases.

Opacity

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Analysis of the filterability in industrial MBRs. Influence of activated sludge parameters and constituents on filterability

Journal of Membrane Science (2011)

José Antonio Gil Paweł Krzemiński Jules B. van Lier J.H.J.M. van der Graaf T.J. Wijffels

Membrane Fouling

Membrane bioreactor

Filtration (mathematics)

Fraction (chemistry)

Hydraulic retention time