Abstract Certain persistent and polar substances may pose a hazard to drinking water resources. To foster the knowledge exchange in this field the Working Group Environmental Monitoring of the German Chemical Society (GDCh) Division Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology discussed at their meeting in December 2018 the significance and relevance of persistent, mobile and toxic chemicals (PMT substances) in the environment. Five oral contributions highlighted not only various aspects such as the identification of potential PMT substances based on certain properties and their possible regulation under the European REACH regulation, but also current developments in the analysis of PMT substances and results from environmental monitoring. The data presented prove that many persistent and mobile substances can be detected in surface waters. Once detected, it can be complex and costly to identify sources and reduce inputs, as a case study on 1,4-dioxane in Bavarian surface waters shows. The same applies to the removal of polar substances from raw water for drinking water production. Today, scientific advances in analytical methods make it easier to identify and quantify even very polar substances in water samples. In addition to the targeted analysis of critical chemicals, non-target screening is playing an increasingly important role. This opens up the possibility of detecting substances in water samples that have not previously been investigated in routine monitoring and testing their relevance for humans and the environment. However, the list of potentially occurring PM substances that have not yet been investigated is still very long. Further methodological improvements seem necessary here. In view of the evidence for the presence of PMT substances in the environment (e.g., trifluoroacetic acid and 1,4-dioxane) and the potential risks for drinking water abstraction, it seems important under consideration of the precautionary principle to identify and prioritise relevant REACH-registered substances. The assessment should be based on the intrinsic properties and the emission potential of the compounds. The implementation of a detailed proposal made at European level to regulate PMT and very persistent and very mobile (vPvM) substances in the context of REACH would ensure that chemicals identified as being substances of very high concern according to the PMT and vPvM criteria are subject to authorisation in future.
Per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS) are a group of anthropogenic chemicals, which are not (fully) biodegradable and accumulate in different environmental compartments worldwide. A comprehensive, quantitative analysis - consisting of target analysis (66 different analytes, including e. g. ultrashort-chain perfluorinated carboxylic acids (PFCAs), precursor compounds and novel substitutes) and the Total Oxidisable Precursor (TOP) assay (including trifluoroacetic acid (TFA)) - were conducted to analyse the PFAS concentrations and patterns in 12 mammalian and two bird species from different areas of Germany and Denmark. The PFAS contamination was investigated in dependance of the trophic class (herbivores, omnivores, carnivores), ecological habitat (terrestrial, (semi-) aquatic) and body tissue (liver, musculature). PFAS concentrations were highest in carnivores, followed by omnivores and herbivores, with ∑PFAS concentration ranging from 1274 μg/kg (Eurasian otter liver) to 22 μg/kg (roe deer liver). TFA dominated in the herbivorous species, whereas perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) and the long-chain PFCAs covered the majority of the PFAS contamination in carnivorous species. Besides trophic class, ecological habitat also affected the PFAS levels in the different species, with terrestrial herbivores and omnivores showing higher PFAS concentration than their aquatic counterparts, whereas for carnivores this relationship was reversed. The TOP assay analysis indicated similar trends, with the PFCA formation pattern differing significantly between the trophic classes. TFA was formed predominantly in herbivorous and omnivorous species, whereas in carnivorous species a broad spectrum of PFCAs (chain-length C2-C14) was formed. Musculature tissue of six species exhibited significantly lower PFAS concentrations than the respective liver tissue, but with similar PFAS patterns. The comprehensive approach applied in the present study showed, that primarily the trophic class is decisive for the PFAS concentration, as herbivores, omnivores and carnivores clearly differed in their PFAS concentrations and patterns. Additionally, the TOP assay gave novel insights in the PFCA formation potential in biota samples.