The integration of grapes into canned food processing not only effectively extends their shelf life but also preserves their rich nutrition and delightful flavor. This marks a significant advancement toward value-added products and sustainability in the grape industry. This study aims to evaluate the appropriateness of different grape varieties for canned grape production, with a focus on peeling characteristics, sensory quality, and storage properties. Our findings reveal that Kyoho, Takatsuma, and Zuijinxiang grapes stand out as promising candidates, characterized by their ease of peeling, minimal peeling loss, and efficient peeling time. Subsequently, a fuzzy mathematical sensory evaluation approach was employed to assess the taste, flavor, texture, appearance, and size of the peeled grapes from nine grape varieties. Notably, Kyoho (3.87), Takatsuma (3.70), and Zuijinxiang (3.57) grapes exhibited superior sensory scores compared with the other varieties. Regarding storage quality, after 180 days of storage, Kyoho grapes exhibited lower color difference by 12.97–23.50%, higher brittleness by 13.77–19.17%, total phenolic content by 15.73–29.29%, total flavonoid content by 28.54–39.31%, anthocyanin content by 23.81–35.66%, and stronger antioxidant capacity (IC50 DPPH: 24.42–69.55%; IC50 ABTS: 13.27–57.43%) compared with Takatsuma and Zuijinxiang grapes. This comprehensive assessment highlights Kyoho grapes as the most suitable variety for canned grape production, followed by Takatsuma and Zuijinxiang grapes. Their exceptional peeling characteristics, sensory qualities, and notable storage resilience position them as promising candidates for commercialization, presenting substantial potential for widespread acceptance among consumers.
To gain insight into the flow mechanisms and stress sensitivity for fractured-vuggy reservoirs, several core models with different structural characteristics were designed and fabricated to investigate the impact of effective stress on permeability for carbonate fractured-vuggy rocks (CFVR). It shows that the permeability performance curves under different pore and confining pressures (i.e. altered stress conditions) for the fractured core models and the vuggy core models have similar change patterns. The ranges of permeability variation are significantly wider at high pore pressures, indicating that permeability reduction is the most significant during the early stage of development for fractured-vuggy reservoirs. Since each obtained effective stress coefficient for permeability (ESCP) varies with the changes in confining pressure and pore pressure, the effective stresses for permeability of four representative CFVR show obvious nonlinear characteristics, and the variation ranges of ESCP are all between 0 and 1. Meanwhile, a comprehensive ESCP mathematical model considering triple media, including matrix pores, fractures, and dissolved vugs, was proposed. It is proved theoretically that the ESCP of CFVR generally varies between 0 and 1. Additionally, the regression results showed that the power model ranked highest among the four empirical models mainly applied in stress sensitivity characterization, followed by the logarithmic model, exponential model, and binomial model. The concept of "permeability decline rate" was introduced to better evaluate the stress sensitivity performance for CFVR, in which the one-fracture rock is the strongest, followed by the fracture-vug rock and two-horizontal-fracture rock; the through-hole rock is the weakest. In general, this study provides a theoretical basis to guide the design of development and adjustment programs for carbonate fractured-vuggy reservoirs.
N 2 injection process is a potential technique to control the water coning behavior in heavy oil reservoirs. In this paper, by using the methods of experiment and numerical simulation, the N 2 injection process for controlling the edge water coning behavior is investigated. First, through a visual fluid flow experimental device, the flow behavior of N 2 -water in porous media is discussed. Also, the effects of temperature, pressure, and injection rate were studied. Then, based on the experimental results, aiming at an actual edge water heavy oil reservoir, a reservoir simulation model is developed. Thus, the water coning behavior of edge aquifer is systematically studied. Also, two novel indicators are proposed to evaluate the water coning behavior. Then, a series of numerical models are developed to investigate the performance of N 2 injection process in edge water heavy oil reservoirs after water coning, and the adaptability and the optimal operation parameters are analyzed. Results indicate that under the effect of porous media, N 2 can cut into a series of small gas bubbles. It is a typical dispersed phase and can effectively plug the water coning path. Compared with pressure and injection rate, temperature is a more sensitive factor to affect the plugging performance of N 2 . From the simulation results, it is observed that the permeability, water/oil ratio, and distance between well and aquifer can significantly affect the performance of water coning behavior. N 2 injection process can effectively control the edge water coning and improve the CSS performance. Furthermore, from the simulation results, it is found that the optimal operation parameters for a N 2 injection process is that the total N 2 injection volume should be higher than 6,000 m 3 within one operation cycle and the optimal N 2 injection rate should be lower than 700 m 3 /day. This investigation further clarifies the mechanisms of N 2 injection process to control the water coning behavior in heavy oil reservoirs. It can provide a useful reference for the EOR process of the heavy oil reservoirs with edge water.
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