Some of the world's oldest macroborings occur in hardgrounds in lower Ordovician (Arenig) limestones exposed on the island of Öland, southern Sweden. The trace fossils, which are described here as Gastrochaenolites oelandicus isp. nov., appear to be dwelling structures excavated in the indurated substrate by invertebrates of unknown taxonomic affinity. They are the oldest examples of this ichnogenus. The appearance of a macroboring life habit at this early time represents a revolutionary new adaptive strategy for inhabiting carbonate hardgrounds. However, this innovative strategy apparently was not successful for the long term, because this particular macroboring taxon seems to have disappeared shortly after its early Ordovician appearance.
A remarkable specimen of a compound trace fossil in Pennsylvanian sandstone comprises three very different ichnotaxa in conjunction: Protovirgularia dichotoma, Lockeia siliquaria and Lophoctenium isp. The combined activities represented by these ichnotaxa reflect the locomotion, resting and feeding behavior of a cleft-foot, protobranch clam (bivalve) that burrowed through the sediment, paused five times to deposit-feed, and then burrowed on to a new location, possibly as a reaction to a depositional event. It is estimated that the complete trace fossil was made in 24 hours or less. The three ichnotaxa also provide morphologic details of the bivalve's shell and soft parts (foot and labial palps).
The Kjolby Gaard Marl (Late Maastrichtian) is a 30 cm-thick, grayish brown, clay-rich, pelagic carbonate rj unit (75 to 85% CaC03) exposed in the Limfjord region of northern Jylland, Denmark. Trace fossil suites and ichnofabric (the sedimentary fabric resulting from all phases of bioturbation) reflect a complex depositional and post-depositional history of the marl unit, which is sandwiched between comparatively pure strata above and below. Initiation of marl deposition occurred gradually and episodically, as indicated by a micro-styolitic fabric resulting from solution-compaction of finely alternating and clay laminae in the basal portion of the bed. During the major phase of marl deposition represented by the middle and upper parts of the unit, the sea floor apparently was very soft and was colonized by an active infauna which produced a low-diversity suite of trace fossils dominated by horizontal burrows. These are now preserved in a highly compacted ichnofabric which is totally bioturbated but contains no easily identifiable trace fossils. As the sedimentary mode returned to deposition, the marl was buried and subsequently strengthened by compaction sufficiently to allow its colonization by a deeper-burrowing infauna that normally preferred somewhat stifter, chalky substrates. Thus, the original ichnofabric was modified by the introduction of late-generation, sharply defined and relatively uncompacted chalk trace fossils (Thalassinoides, Zoophycos and Chondrites, probably appearing in that order). These are superimposed directly on top of the earlier, highly deformed burrows of the initial trace fossil suite.