ABSTRACT Towards the end of the last glaciation, ice sourced from the western Grampian Mountains of Scotland flowed down Strath Spey to encroach on the northern flanks of the Cairngorm Mountains. The maximum of this late advance and its subsequent retreat is recorded by moraines, ice‐marginal meltwater channels, and kame terraces that can be traced for 60 km along Strath Spey. New cosmogenic 10 Be exposure ages from moraines indicate deglaciation at 15.1 ± 1.1 ka. This timing matches closely the recalibrated mean ages of 14.7 ± 0.7 and 15.2 ± 0.7 ka for the Wester Ross Readvance in the North‐West Highlands. A synchronous readvance of the British–Irish Ice Sheet (BIIS) towards the end of Greenland Stadial 2a (GS‐2a) (16.9–14.7 ka) is indicated. Thereafter active ice retreat from the flanks of Strath Spey was rapid, occurring within the ∼1 ka uncertainty of the cosmogenic exposure ages. We suggest the advance followed the collapse of the marine parts of the BIIS at ∼16 ka due to conditions of increased precipitation occurring at a time of low temperatures. The rapidity of deglaciation may reflect enhanced Föhn effects caused by the ice dome in the western Grampians.
Abstract. Losses of soil organic matter (SOM) from arable land poses a serious threat to soil fertility and crop yields, and thwarts efforts to conserve soils as carbon sinks to mitigate global warming. Wind erosion can be a major factor in the redistribution of soil fines including SOM, but assessments of its impact have typically been limited by short observation periods of a few years at most. Longer timeframes, extending back to the mid 20th century, may however be probed using the concentrations of radionuclides that were globally distributed by nuclear weapon tests conducted 1950s and early 1960s. The basic concept is that differences in fallout radionuclide (FRN) activities between undisturbed and arable soils can be used to infer soil particle redistribution. In the present work, we have measured activities of 137Cs and 239+240Pu in soils from three agricultural regions of the plains of the South African Highveld. The three regions represent distinct agroecosystems and within each region the temporal length of cultivation varies from zero (i.e., native grassland) to almost 100 years. The sampled plots did not show any evidence of fluvial erosion, allowing the contribution of wind erosion to the loss of soil fines, including SOM, to be investigated. For the cultivated soils, radionuclide activities are found to be less than in adjacent native grassland, and the magnitude of the reduction is strongly correlated with the duration of cultivation. Specifically, the original concentrations of both 137Cs and 239+240Pu are approximately halved after ~25–45 years of cropping. The initial rate loss relative to the undisturbed soils is, however, considerably higher, with ~6 % yr-1 recorded during the first year after native grassland is converted to arable land. We correlate our radionuclide data with previously published SOM contents from the same sampled material and find that the radionuclides are an excellent indicator of SOM decline at the sites we investigate. We conclude that wind erosion can exert a dominant control on SOM loss in arable land of South Africa and by implication at comparable settings on Earth.
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