Coprolites (fossil feces) are important sources of evidence of ancient food webs and ecosystems. Actinomycetes are a fundamental component in the decay of organic matter, and serve as catalysts for nutrient cycles. Recently, gas vesicles filled with numerous verrucose colonies of substrate mycelium of an actinomycete were discovered inside a fossilized spiral amphipolar fish coprolite recovered from mid–Permian deposits of Brazil. These colonies are composed of masses of substrate hyphae, some of which are undergoing segmentation. Arising from the colonies are chains of spores separated by narrow, elongate connectives. The fossil actinomycete is described below as Palaeostromatus diairetus gen. et sp. nov. and represents the oldest known actinomycete associated with vertebrate deposits. Since the colonies occur only inside the coprolite, either Palaeostromatus diairetus gen. et sp. nov. was part of the gut flora or it was acquired from a food source. The only other remains in the coprolite are eighteen paleoniscoid fish scales, which suggests that the producer was a carnivorous/omnivorous fish. This is the oldest record of a direct interaction between vertebrates and actinomycetes.
Mato Grosso State is the main area of paleontological investigations in central Brazil, especially regarding Upper Cretaceous beds. Fossil collection in the surroundings of the Morro do Cambambe started as early as late nineteenth century, but prospections and studies are still ongoing. This contribution presents new dinosaur specimens recovered from Upper Cretaceous outcrops of the southeastern portion of Mato Grosso State. These remains enabled the first report of a megaraptoran theropod based on a vertebral centrum and the description of abelisaurid (a fragmentary tooth) and titanosaur remains (a tooth and a fragment of a dorsal vertebra). Based on the amount of compiled reports of tetrapod remains from Mato Grosso, mainly from meeting abstracts and technical reports, the evidence at hand indicates a diverse Upper Cretaceous tetrapod assemblage still poorly explored in comparison to other Upper Cretaceous units of Brazil and Gondwana, in general.