Peter Gaebler

Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources

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Christoph Pilger

Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources

Lars Ceranna

Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources

Patrick Hupe

Hannover Re (Germany)

Andreas Steinberg

Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources

Tuna Eken

Istanbul Technical University

Tuncay Taymaz

Istanbul Technical University

Johanna Lehr

Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources

Thomas Plenefisch

Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources

Stefanie Donner

Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources

J. Ole Ross

Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources

Cooperative Institutions

Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources

Helmholtz Centre Potsdam - GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences

University of Potsdam

Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique

Istanbul Technical University

CEA DAM Île-de-France

Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München

Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives

Universität Hamburg

Goethe University Frankfurt

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Seismic scattering and absorption parameters in the W-Bohemia/Vogtland region from elastic and acoustic radiative transfer theory

Geophysical Journal International (2015)

Peter Gaebler Tom Eulenfeld Ulrich Wegler

In this study, frequency-dependent seismic scattering and intrinsic attenuation parameters for the crustal structure beneath the W-Bohemia/Vogtland swarm earthquake region close to the border of Czech Republic and Germany are estimated. Synthetic seismogram envelopes are modelled using elastic and acoustic radiative transfer theory. Scattering and absorption parameters are determined by fitting these synthetic envelopes to observed seismogram envelopes from 14 shallow local events from the October 2008 W-Bohemia/Vogtland earthquake swarm. The two different simulation approaches yield similar results for the estimated crustal parameters and show a comparable frequency dependence of both transport mean free path and intrinsic absorption path length. Both methods suggest that intrinsic attenuation is dominant over scattering attenuation in the W-Bohemia/Vogtland region for the investigated epicentral distance range and frequency bands from 3 to 24 Hz. Elastic simulations of seismogram envelopes suggest that forward scattering is required to explain the data, however, the degree of forward scattering is not resolvable. Errors in the parameter estimation are smaller in the elastic case compared to results from the acoustic simulations. The frequency decay of the transport mean free path suggests a random medium described by a nearly exponential autocorrelation function. The fluctuation strength and correlation length of the random medium cannot be estimated independently, but only a combination of the parameters related to the transport mean free path of the medium can be computed. Furthermore, our elastic simulations show, that using our numerical method, it is not possible to resolve the value of the mean free path of the random medium.

Seismogram

Anelastic attenuation factor

Path length

10.1093/gji/ggv393

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Citations (50)

Yield estimation of the 2020 Beirut explosion using open access waveform and remote sensing data

Christoph Pilger Peter Gaebler Patrick Hupe Andre Cahyadi Kalia Felix Schneider

<p>We report on a multi-technique analysis using publicly available data for investigating the huge, accidental explosion that struck the city of Beirut, Lebanon, on August 4, 2020. Its devastating shock wave led to thousands of injured with more than two hundred fatalities and caused immense damage to buildings and infrastructure. Our combined analysis of seismological, hydroacoustic, infrasonic and radar remote sensing data allows us to characterize the source as well as to estimate the explosive yield. The latter ranges between 0.8 and 1.1 kt TNT (kilotons of trinitrotoluene) equivalent and is plausible given the reported 2.75 kt of ammonium nitrate as explosive source. Data from the International Monitoring System of the CTBTO are used for infrasound array detections. Seismometer data from GEOFON and IRIS complement the source characterization based on seismic and acoustic signal recordings, which propagated in solid earth, water and air. Copernicus Sentinel data serve for radar remote sensing and damage estimation. As there are strict limitations for an on-site analysis of this catastrophic explosion, our presented approach based on openly accessible data from global station networks and satellite missions is of high scientific and social relevance that furthermore is transferable to other explosions.</p>

Seismometer

10.5194/egusphere-egu21-89

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Worldwide detection of rocket launches for space missions using International Monitoring System infrasound arrays

The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America (2023)

Christoph Pilger Patrick Hupe Peter Gaebler

The signals of rocket launches can be detected at infrasound arrays in thousands of kilometers distance. We use microbarometer arrays, which are part of the International Monitoring System (IMS) for the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT), to identify and characterize rocket launches all over the world. We studied more than 1000 launch events for space missions and their infrasonic signatures. Even small-lift launch vehicles such as Electron rockets starting from New Zealand with payloads of only a few hundreds of kilograms, e.g., for small satellites, can regularly be detected by one or more remote infrasound stations. We present selected cases of interest, including the latest NASA Artemis 1 Space Launch System and SpaceX Starship launches as well as airborne rocket starts and small-lift launches by different companies. Furthermore, we present a systematic analysis of infrasound recorded from multiple and regularly launched vehicles like Ariane 5, Falcon 9, and various Soyuz and Long March rocket types. Our main focus is on the connection between the observed signatures and propagation-corrected acoustic amplitudes of rocket launches as well as rocket parameters like payload, size and thrust, rocket stage, and engine characteristics of different rocket types.

Rocket (weapon)

Payload (computing)

Space launch

Near space

10.1121/10.0023754

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IMS observations of infrasound and acoustic-gravity waves produced by the January 2022 volcanic eruption of Hunga, Tonga: A global analysis

Earth and Planetary Science Letters (2022)

Julien Vergoz Patrick Hupe Constantino Listowski Alexis Le Pichon Milton Garcés

The 15 January 2022 Hunga, Tonga, volcano's explosive eruption produced the most powerful blast recorded in the last century, with an estimated equivalent TNT yield of 100–200 megatons. The blast energy was propagated through the atmosphere as various wave types. The most prominent wave was a long-period (>2000 s) surface-guided Lamb wave with energy comparable to that of the 1883 Krakatoa Lamb wave; both were clearly observed by pressure sensors (barometers) worldwide. Internal gravity, acoustic-gravity, and infrasound waves were captured in great detail by the entire infrasound component of the International Monitoring System (IMS). For instance, infrasound waves (<300 s period) were seen to circumnavigate Earth up to eight times. Atmospheric waves captured by the IMS infrasound network and selected barometers near the source provide insight on Earth's impulse response at planetary scales.

10.1016/j.epsl.2022.117639

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Citations (98)

Complex hazard cascade culminating in the Anak Krakatau sector collapse

Nature Communications (2019)

Thomas R. Walter Mahmud Haghshenas Haghighi Felix Schneider Diego Coppola Mahdi Motagh

Abstract Flank instability and sector collapses, which pose major threats, are common on volcanic islands. On 22 Dec 2018, a sector collapse event occurred at Anak Krakatau volcano in the Sunda Strait, triggering a deadly tsunami. Here we use multiparametric ground-based and space-borne data to show that prior to its collapse, the volcano exhibited an elevated state of activity, including precursory thermal anomalies, an increase in the island’s surface area, and a gradual seaward motion of its southwestern flank on a dipping décollement. Two minutes after a small earthquake, seismic signals characterize the collapse of the volcano’s flank at 13:55 UTC. This sector collapse decapitated the cone-shaped edifice and triggered a tsunami that caused 430 fatalities. We discuss the nature of the precursor processes underpinning the collapse that culminated in a complex hazard cascade with important implications for the early detection of potential flank instability at other volcanoes.

Flank

10.1038/s41467-019-12284-5

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Citations (281)

Seismic attenuation parameters in the W-Bohemia/Vogtland region from elastic and acoustic radiative transfer theory

EGU General Assembly Conference Abstracts (2016)

Peter Gaebler Tom Eulenfeld Ulrich Wegler

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Infrasound and seismoacoustic signatures of the 28 September 2018 Sulawesi super-shear earthquake

Natural hazards and earth system sciences (2019)

Christoph Pilger Peter Gaebler Lars Ceranna Alexis Le Pichon Julien Vergoz

Abstract. A magnitude 7.5 earthquake occurred on 28 September 2018 at 10:02:43 UTC near the city of Palu on the Indonesian island of Sulawesi. It was a shallow, strike-slip earthquake with a rupture extending to a length of about 150 km and reaching the surface. Moreover, this earthquake was identified as one of very few events having a super-shear rupture speed. Clear and long-lasting infrasound signatures related to this event were observed by four infrasound arrays of the International Monitoring System of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization as well as by one national infrasound station in Singapore. Although these infrasound stations SING (Singapore), I39PW (Palau), I07AU (Australia), I40PG (Papua New Guinea) and I30JP (Japan) are located at large distances of between 1800 and 4500 km from the earthquake's epicentral region, the observed infrasound signals associated with this event were intense, including both seismic and acoustic arrivals. A detailed study of the event-related infrasound observations and the potential infrasound generation mechanisms is presented, covering range-dependent infrasound transmission loss and propagation modeling and characterization of the atmospheric background conditions, as well as identification of the regions of seismoacoustic activity by applying a back-projection method from the infrasound receivers to potential source regions. This back projection of infrasonic arrivals allows one to estimate that the main infrasound source region for the Sulawesi earthquake is related to the extended rupture zone and the nearby topography. This estimation and a comparison to other super-shear as well as large regional earthquakes identify no clear connection between the earthquake's super-shear nature and the strong infrasound emission.

Microseism

10.5194/nhess-19-2811-2019

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Citations (20)

Using Radiative Transfer Theory to model six-component seismogram envelopes

EGUGA (2012)

Peter Gaebler Christoph Sens‐Schönfelder M. Korn

Component (thermodynamics)

Seismogram

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