Walter Salazar

Universidad Católica de El Salvador

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Clevon Ash

University of the West Indies

Garth Mannette

University of the West Indies

Kafele Reddock

University of the West Indies

Lyndon Brown

University of the West Indies

Lloyd Lynch

University of the West Indies

Julian J. Bommer

Imperial College London

Rodolfo Torres

Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales

Luis Mixco

Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales

Søren B. Scott

Imperial College London

Erick A. Burgos

Universidad Centroamericana José Simeón Cañas

Cooperative Institutions

University of the West Indies

European Centre for Training and Research in Earthquake Engineering

University of the West Indies System

University of Trinidad and Tobago

University of the West

Montserrat Volcano Observatory

Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales

Universidad Centroamericana José Simeón Cañas

University of Pavia

St. Augustine College

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A Hybrid Inversion Technique for the Evaluation of Source, Path, and Site Effects Employing S-Wave Spectra for Subduction and Upper-Crustal Earthquakes in El Salvador

Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America (2007)

Walter Salazar Victor Sardiña Jon de Cortina

We propose a hybrid inversion analysis (hia) technique aimed at incorporating earthquakes from different seismogenic sources in one single inversion scheme. The application of this technique provides estimations of the source, path, and site effects at 23 strong-motion stations in El Salvador, Central America. The strong-motion dataset comprises 404 triaxial accelerograms corresponding to 63 subduction and upper-crustal earthquakes with M S magnitudes between 3.0 and 7.8. Application of the hia technique reveals: (1) good matching of the estimated source spectra with those derived from the ω 2 point source model; (2) rapid and low attenuation patterns characterizing the upper-crustal volcanic belt and subduction zone, respectively; and (3) soil transfer functions characterized by amplification ratios larger than those derived from spectral ratio techniques by a factor of two. Reference- site-dependent techniques yield similar soil transfer functions at all stations, whereas the horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratio technique yields similar results at sites characterized by clearly predominant peaks.

10.1785/0120060076

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Citations (28)

Earthquake Disasters of 13 January and 13 February 2001, El Salvador

Seismological Research Letters (2003)

Walter Salazar Kazuoh SEO

Research Article| July 01, 2003 Earthquake Disasters of 13 January and 13 February 2001, El Salvador Walter Salazar; Walter Salazar Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Kazuoh Seo Kazuoh Seo Tokyo Institute of Technology Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Science and Engineering Department of Built Environment 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku Yokohama 226-8502 Japan seo@enveng.titech.ac.jp (K.S.) Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Seismological Research Letters (2003) 74 (4): 420–439. https://doi.org/10.1785/gssrl.74.4.420 Article history first online: 09 Mar 2017 Cite View This Citation Add to Citation Manager Share Icon Share Twitter LinkedIn Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Search Site Citation Walter Salazar, Kazuoh Seo; Earthquake Disasters of 13 January and 13 February 2001, El Salvador. Seismological Research Letters 2003;; 74 (4): 420–439. doi: https://doi.org/10.1785/gssrl.74.4.420 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Refmanager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentBy SocietySeismological Research Letters Search Advanced Search El Salvador is a small country in Central America (Figure 1). It has a savanna climate, with daytime temperatures consistently between 25°–30°C. The rainy season extends from May to October, while November to April is generally very dry. Rainfall is about 1,800 mm per year. These weather conditions are favorable for producing sugar and coffee. The population is about 6.0 million with a high concentration in the capital city, San Salvador, where 1.8 million persons are living now. The earthquakes of 13 January and 13 February 2001 demonstrated the high vulnerability in El Salvador and strongly affected people... You do not have access to this content, please speak to your institutional administrator if you feel you should have access.

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10.1785/gssrl.74.4.420

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Citations (8)

Estimation of Shear Wave Velocity Profiles Employing Genetic Algorithms and the Diffuse Field Approach on Microtremors Array: Implications on Liquefaction Hazard at Port of Spain, Trinidad

IntechOpen eBooks (2019)

Walter Salazar Garth Mannette Kafele Reddock Clevon Ash

This book chapter explains the methodology to determine the shear wave velocity VS profile employing microtremors array data at Port of Spain, Trinidad, and its implication in the seismic amplification and liquefaction hazard in the city. We divide this study into five sections; firstly, we introduce a description of the spectral autocorrelation method and the genetic algorithm schemes to retrieve the Vs and thickness of soil layers. Secondly, we validate the soil profiles via inspection of the ellipticity pattern at such sites; we also compared the observed horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratios (H/V) with the synthetic ones derived by the Diffuse Field Approach and 1D theoretical SH wave amplification functions. Thirdly, we compute the shear wave velocity in the first 30 m obtained from our genetic inversion and compared with the ones estimated by the empirical formulas based on geomorphological conditions. Fourthly, we present a preliminary liquefaction hazard map based on the level of H/V microtremor ratios and the fundamental period of vibration. Finally, we conclude with further recommendations for planning purposes in the city of Port of Spain.

Microtremor

Wave velocity

10.5772/intechopen.85129

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Citations (1)

Perspective Chapter: Testing the Interoccurrence Times Probability Distributions of Earthquakes

IntechOpen eBooks (2023)

Walter Salazar

This chapter aims to provide a methodology to test the probability distributions of earthquakes in terms of the interoccurrence times (ITs), namely, the time between consecutive earthquakes of a specific magnitude. First, we compile a new earthquake catalog for the El Salvador subduction zone within moment magnitude M 5.0–8.12 comprising historical and instrumental data for 1609–2019. Secondly, we explain the fundamentals of the Weibull and Poisson distributions and verify the IT probability fits when considering the clustered catalog. We find that the Weibull distribution fits all ITs, while the Poisson distribution fails to explain the natural seismicity patterns for small magnitude bins. Besides, we test the assumption that the declustering process leads to a Poisson probability distribution when removing foreshocks and aftershocks in the earthquake catalog. Finally, the classical Gutenberg–Richter relationship and conditional magnitude probabilities are calculated as an essential input in any seismic hazard assessment.

10.5772/intechopen.110584

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Interoccurrence times and seismic hazard for upper-crustal volcanic chain earthquakes in El Salvador: are they Poissonian distributed?

Natural Hazards (2021)

Walter Salazar

10.1007/s11069-021-04640-w

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Citations (6)

High-resolution grid of H/V spectral ratios and spatial variability on microtremors at Port of Spain, Trinidad

Journal of Seismology (2017)

Walter Salazar Garth Mannette Kafele Reddock Clevon Ash

Microtremor

Variogram

Geostatistics

Downtown

10.1007/s10950-017-9681-1

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Citations (6)

Strong‐Motion Networks, Digital Signal Processing, and Database for El Salvador Earthquakes: 1966–2017

Seismological Research Letters (2018)

Walter Salazar Rodolfo Torres Luis Mixco Vanessa Rivera Erick A. Burgos

Research Article| February 21, 2018 Strong‐Motion Networks, Digital Signal Processing, and Database for El Salvador Earthquakes: 1966–2017 Walter Salazar; Walter Salazar aUniversidad Católica de El Salvador (UNICAES), Sede Santa Ana, By Pass a Metapán y carretera antigua a San Salvador, Santa Ana, El Salvador, walter.salazar@catolica.edu.sv Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Rodolfo Torres; Rodolfo Torres bDirección General del Observatorio Nacional (DGOA), Km. 5 1/2 Carretera a Nueva San Salvador, Avenida Las Mercedes, San Salvador, El Salvador Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Luis Mixco; Luis Mixco bDirección General del Observatorio Nacional (DGOA), Km. 5 1/2 Carretera a Nueva San Salvador, Avenida Las Mercedes, San Salvador, El Salvador Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Vanessa Rivera; Vanessa Rivera aUniversidad Católica de El Salvador (UNICAES), Sede Santa Ana, By Pass a Metapán y carretera antigua a San Salvador, Santa Ana, El Salvador, walter.salazar@catolica.edu.sv Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Erick Burgos; Erick Burgos cUniversidad Centroamericana José Simeón Cañas (UCA), Bulevar Los Próceres, Antiguo Cuscatlán, La Libertad, El Salvador Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar José Rivas; José Rivas dGeotérmica Salvadoreña (LaGEO), Final 15 Avenida Sur y Boulevard Sur Colonia Utila, Santa Tecla, La Libertad, El Salvador Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Lyndon Brown Lyndon Brown eLone Star College (Cyfair), 9191 Barker Cypress Road, Cypress, Texas 77433 U.S.A. Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Author and Article Information Walter Salazar aUniversidad Católica de El Salvador (UNICAES), Sede Santa Ana, By Pass a Metapán y carretera antigua a San Salvador, Santa Ana, El Salvador, walter.salazar@catolica.edu.sv Rodolfo Torres bDirección General del Observatorio Nacional (DGOA), Km. 5 1/2 Carretera a Nueva San Salvador, Avenida Las Mercedes, San Salvador, El Salvador Luis Mixco bDirección General del Observatorio Nacional (DGOA), Km. 5 1/2 Carretera a Nueva San Salvador, Avenida Las Mercedes, San Salvador, El Salvador Vanessa Rivera aUniversidad Católica de El Salvador (UNICAES), Sede Santa Ana, By Pass a Metapán y carretera antigua a San Salvador, Santa Ana, El Salvador, walter.salazar@catolica.edu.sv Erick Burgos cUniversidad Centroamericana José Simeón Cañas (UCA), Bulevar Los Próceres, Antiguo Cuscatlán, La Libertad, El Salvador José Rivas dGeotérmica Salvadoreña (LaGEO), Final 15 Avenida Sur y Boulevard Sur Colonia Utila, Santa Tecla, La Libertad, El Salvador Lyndon Brown eLone Star College (Cyfair), 9191 Barker Cypress Road, Cypress, Texas 77433 U.S.A. Publisher: Seismological Society of America First Online: 21 Feb 2018 Online Issn: 1938-2057 Print Issn: 0895-0695 © Seismological Society of America Seismological Research Letters (2018) 89 (2A): 483–494. https://doi.org/10.1785/0220170262 Article history First Online: 21 Feb 2018 Cite View This Citation Add to Citation Manager Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn MailTo Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Search Site Citation Walter Salazar, Rodolfo Torres, Luis Mixco, Vanessa Rivera, Erick Burgos, José Rivas, Lyndon Brown; Strong‐Motion Networks, Digital Signal Processing, and Database for El Salvador Earthquakes: 1966–2017. Seismological Research Letters 2018;; 89 (2A): 483–494. doi: https://doi.org/10.1785/0220170262 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Refmanager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentBy SocietySeismological Research Letters Search Advanced Search ABSTRACT A new strong‐motion database for El Salvador covering 50 yrs of network monitoring activity (1966–2017) has been prepared under the Universidad Católica de El Salvador (UNICAES) strong‐motion program, employing open‐source codes in Fortran language and compilers. We applied modern digital signal processing techniques to correct both analog and digital recordings of the upper‐crustal, subduction, and outer‐rise earthquakes in the region. The resulting database comprises a total of 2418 triaxial accelerograms related to 340 earthquakes. The peak ground acceleration varies from 1 to 1100 cm/s2⁠, with a moment magnitude range from 3.0 to 8.1 and epicentral distances from 0.15 to 674 km. This database will be used to develop specific ground‐motion prediction equations for the next seismic hazard maps of El Salvador. You do not have access to this content, please speak to your institutional administrator if you feel you should have access.

SIGNAL (programming language)

10.1785/0220170262

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Citations (4)

Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Assessment at the Eastern Caribbean Islands

Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America (2011)

Francesca Bozzoni Mirko Corigliano Carlo G. Lai Walter Salazar L. Scandella

A probabilistic seismic hazard analysis has been performed to compute probabilistic seismic hazard maps for the eastern Caribbean region (10° N-19° N, 59° W-64° W), which includes in the north the Leeward Islands (from Anguilla to Dominica) and in the south the Windward Islands (from Martinique to Grenada), Barbados, Trinidad, and Tobago. The analysis has been conducted using a standard logic-tree approach that allowed systematically taking into account the model-based (i.e., epistemic) uncertainty and its influence on the computed ground motion param- eters. Hazard computations have been performed using a grid of sites with a space resolution of 0.025 degrees covering the territory of the considered islands. Two different computation methodologies have been adopted: the standard Cornell-McGuire approach (Cornell, 1968; McGuire, 1976) based on the definition of appropriate seismogenic zones (SZ), and the zone-free approach developed by Woo (1996), which overcomes the ambiguities related with the definition of seis- mic sources. The interplay and complexities between shallow crustal, intraplate, and interface subduction seismicity of the Caribbean region have been thoroughly investigated. By merging all available databases, a comprehensive and updated earthquake catalog for the region has been compiled. Also, a thorough investigation has been undertaken to identify the most suitable ground motion prediction equa- tions to be used in the analyses. Uniform hazard spectra have been calculated for the horizontal component of ground motion (rock and level site conditions), 4 return periods (RP) (95-, 475-, 975-, and 2475-yr), and 22 spectral accelerations (SA) with structural periods ranging from 0 to 3 s. SAs at 0.2 and 1.0 s for 2475-yr RP have been calculated to allow the definition of seismic hazard in the region of study according to the International Building Code (IBC, International Code Council (ICC), 2009).

10.1785/0120100208

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Citations (38)

Los terremotos de enero y febrero. Resultados y análisis en base a la red de acelerógrafos de la UCA

ECA Estudios Centroamericanos (2001)

José Cepeda Walter Salazar

La Universidad Centroamericana "José Simeón Cañas" busca aportar con este artículo información técnica en las áreas sismológicas y de ingeniería sísmica para entender mejor los sismos principales ocurridos en El Salvador, en el período de enero y febrero del 2001. Específicamente se presentan y estudian los mismos del 13 de enero y del 13 y 17 febrero del 2001, pues son los que mayor impacto han tenido en toda la serie de eventos de estos dos meses. Así, se explican brevemente conceptos basicos de sismología, necesarios para elaborar aspectos en apartados posteriores; se realiza una reseña de la sismicidad y tectónica de El Salvador y se presentan los parámetros de origen de los sismos estidiados. Posteriormente se presentan los resultados obtenidos en la red de acelerógrafos de la UCA y un análisis breve de los resgistros obtenidos durante estos tres eventos. Finalmente, se hace una lista, a manera de conclusión, de algunos puntos que pueden ser beneficiosos para desarrollar la mitigación del riesgo sísmico. ECA Estudios Centroamericanos, Vol. 56, No. 627-628, 2001: 11-27.

10.51378/eca.v56i627-628.5703

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Citations (1)

Key geophysical indicators of seismic vulnerability in Kingston, Jamaica

AGUFM (2012)

Lucy Brown M. J. Hornbach Walter Salazar Myra Carolyn Kennedy

Vulnerability

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