This study, carried out between 1988 and 1990, was commissioned by the Department of the Environment (DOE)
and funded jointly by the Department and the British
Geological Survey (BGS). Its main aim was to make a synthesis of geological data relevant to planning of land-use and development in the Stoke-on-Trent area. This report is specifically written for planners and there has been an
attempt to avoid complex geological terms. Besides text
illustrations the report includes ten thematic maps at a common scale of 1 :25 000. An additional volume concentrates
on engineering geology for site investigation companies.
Seven further short reports feature geological details of separate 1: 10 000 sheets, couched in more technical language.
Geological field mapping involves not only the basic recording of field observations, but also the interpretation of a wide range of both direct and indirect evidence of the stratigraphy, structure, properties and genesis of the rocks and superficial deposits in the area being surveyed. Confidence in interpretation is highest when the mapping geologist has access to a wide range of existing ‘prior’ information about the geology, topography, environment, land use and archaeology. With traditional, paper-based records, geologists have been able to carry only a small subset of this prior information into the field, forcing much of the interpretation to be completed either at the field base or in the office following completion of a fieldwork campaign. New mobile computing technologies are now enabling geologists to access, visualise and interrogate large, spatially-referenced datasets in the field, enabling new interpretations to be made in direct context of prior knowledge, and avoiding inefficient repetition of earlier observations.
New, workflow-based digital mapping systems are now being deployed by the British Geological Survey (BGS) in both UK and international geological mapping projects. The BGS Virtual Field Reconnaissance (VFR) system enables the survey area to be recreated and visualised in an immersive 3D virtual environment. This enables project teams to work collaboratively to test and annotate the existing geological interpretations, ensuring that subsequent fieldwork focuses efficiently on addressing gaps in knowledge and understanding. Use of tablet PC-based field data recording allows the geologist to take this annotated prior knowledge into the field, together with a wide range of other baseline data such as digital terrain models, orthophotos, boreholes, geophysical data and remote sensing imagery. New field observations and interpretations are recorded using Geographic Information System (GIS) software on the tablet PC, returned to the office for further refinement in the VFR system, and then incorporated into new digital geological maps and 3D models.
Deployment of the digital mapping systems in BGS has required design and development of new IT systems and substantial investment in digital capture and spatial referencing of existing prior information in the form of paper records. The growing availability of high speed wireless internet access and web-based 3D GIS systems and search engines will continue to revolutionise geological field work by providing geologists with access to the huge resource of contextual knowledge on the World Wide Web. This will not only enable more refined and reliable interpretations, but also broaden geologists’ awareness of the wider environmental context and record new, scientifically cross-cutting interpretations that broaden the relevance and application of geological survey data.
The geology beneath London provides a range of resources and services to the city and its inhabitants. Water taken from the chalk bedrock, foundations and tunnels sunk into the subsurface and heat transfer with the ground all contribute to the wider economy. Geological complexity, including the presence of geological faults, has a significant bearing on this surface and subsurface development. BGS published maps provide developers and other key stakeholders with essential information that informs effective planning and design. Although conventional geological maps identify relatively little faulting in London, observations of temporary exposures and borehole records have shown that in reality faults are numerous and widespread. Recent BGS work has addressed this by employing innovative 3D geological modelling techniques to investigate the subsurface and provide a considerably enhanced understanding of the extent and impact of faulting beneath London. The study has recognised and delineated more faults, and with more confidence, than was previously possible. The new interpretation has direct implications for groundwater management and infrastructure development in the city, including new surface and underground rail links. The approach pioneered in London can be applied where similar problems exist elsewhere in the UK and overseas, especially in major urban areas.
SUMMARY The lithostratigraphy of the Staithes Sandstone and Cleveland Ironstone formations in North Yorkshire and Cleveland is reviewed and redefined; two new subdivisions, the Penny Nab and Kettleness members, are proposed for the Cleveland Ironstone Formation. Both formations and members are recognisable throughout the Cleveland Basin, but only the Kettleness Member continues southwards over the Market Weighton High, where it undergoes lateral facies change into the Marlstone Rock Bed. The latter, together with a finer grained representative of the Staithes Sandstone Formation, can be tentatively identified in the southern North Sea area.
This monograph was prepared to aid both the amateur and professional paleontologist. For the professional, we have tried to precisely locate as many of Sloan's 1908 and Cooke's 1936 locations as possible. For the amateur, we have written a comprehensive guide to where macrofossils can be found in South Carolina. Directions to fossil sites are given with as much detail as possible and should enable anyone to find them.
'%3e%3cpath fill='%23012169' d='M0 0v30h60V0z'/%3e%3cpath stroke='%23fff' stroke-width='6' d='m0 0 60 30m0-30L0 30'/%3e%3cpath stroke='%23C8102E' stroke-width='4' d='m0 0 60 30m0-30L0 30' clip-path='url(%23b)'/%3e%3cpath stroke='%23fff' stroke-width='10' d='M30 0v30M0 15h60'/%3e%3cpath stroke='%23C8102E' stroke-width='6' d='M30 0v30M0 15h60'/%3e%3c/g%3e%3c/svg%3e)
'/%3e%3c/defs%3e%3cpath fill='%23012169' d='M0 0h10080v5040H0z'/%3e%3cpath stroke='%23fff' stroke-width='.6' d='m0 0 6 3m0-3L0 3' clip-path='url(%23b)' transform='scale(840)'/%3e%3cpath stroke='%23e4002b' stroke-width='.4' d='m0 0 6 3m0-3L0 3' clip-path='url(%23c)' transform='scale(840)'/%3e%3cpath stroke='%23fff' stroke-width='840' d='M2520 0v2520M0 1260h5040'/%3e%3cpath stroke='%23e4002b' stroke-width='504' d='M2520 0v2520M0 1260h5040'/%3e%3cg fill='%23fff'%3e%3cuse xlink:href='%23d' x='2520' y='3780'/%3e%3cuse xlink:href='%23a' x='7560' y='4200'/%3e%3cuse xlink:href='%23a' x='6300' y='2205'/%3e%3cuse xlink:href='%23a' x='7560' y='840'/%3e%3cuse xlink:href='%23a' x='8680' y='1869'/%3e%3cuse xlink:href='%23e' x='8064' y='2730'/%3e%3c/g%3e%3c/svg%3e)
