Sekarang ini, potensi dari reservoar vulkaniklastik telah disarankan dan menarik untuk kajian eksplorasi. Formasi Kebo-Butak dan Semilir terletak di Pegunungan Selatan, Jawa Tengah, Indonesia, yang terkenal sebagai area yang paling prospektif yang dipengaruhi dan dibentuk oleh sekuen yang tebal dari sedimen vulkanik Tersier dan batuan sedimen dari Oligosen hingga Miosen. Batupasir vulkanik dan vulkaniklastik resedimentasi sangat dipengaruhi oleh kandungan material vulkanik seperti tuff terhadap karakteristiknya sebagai batuan reservoar pada kedua formasi, hal tersebut menjadi latar belakang mengapa penelitian dilakukan di area tersebut.
Tujuan dari penelitian ini yaitu untuk mengetahui karakter reservoar dari batupasir vulkaniklastik primer dan resedimentasi dan hubungan dengan karakteristik petrologi dan petrofisik dari kedua batupasir tersebut. Untuk menyelesaikan tujuan, observasi kerja lapangan dan analisis laboratorium termasuk pengukuran stratigrafi, petrografi, petrofisik, SEM, dan analisis XRD dilakukan secara hati-hati dalam penelitian ini.
Sebagai hasilnya, reservoar vulkaniklastik primer yang baik memiliki karakteristik porositasn berkisar 21-33% dan permeabilitasnya berkisar 264mD-288mD. Batuan reservoar vulkaniklastik resedimentasi yang baik memiliki nilai porositas berkisar dari 32-34% dan nilai permeabilitasnya berkisar dari 64mD hingga 891mD. Batuan yang tidak dapat menjadi reservoir yang baik di Pegunungan Selatan yaitu dikarenakan memiliki kapasitas yang rendah untuk menyimpan dan menyalurkan fluida oleh material vulkanik seperti tuff dan gelas vulkanik lain, dan mineral lempung seperti smektit, pyrophillite, dan halloysite. Batupasir vulkanik kebanyakan memiliki bentuk butir angular dan sortasi yang buruk yang berpengaruh terhadap porositas dan permeabilitas. Berdasarkan kasus ini, dibandingkan vulkaniklastik primer yang bagus sebagai batuan reservoir batupasir resedimentasi memiliki karakteristik.
Recently, the potential of volcaniclastic reservoir has been suggested and interesting for exploration. Kebo-Butak and Semilir Formations are situated in the Southern Mountain, Central Java, Indonesia, where is known as an area that affected and formed by thick sequence of Tertiary volcanic sediment and sedimentary rocks from Oligocene to Miocene. The volcanic sandstone and resedimented volcaniclastic are highly effected by volcanic material as tuff to its properties as reservoir rocks at this both formation, that why this current research is conducted in this area. The aims of the research are to understand the reservoir properties of primary and resedimented volcaniclastic sandstone and correlate the petrological and petrophysical characteristics of both sandstones. In other to accomplish these objectives, field work observation and laboratory analysis including stratigraphic measurement, petrographic observation, petrophysic, SEM, and XRD analyses were carried out carefully for this research.
As the results, the good reservoir of primary volcaniclastic sandstone has the properties of porosity ranging from 21% to 33% and the permeability ranging from 264mD to 288mD. The good reservoir rock of resedimented volcaniclastic has the porosity values ranging from 32% to 34% and the permeability values ranging from 64mD to 891mD. Some rock samples that cannot act as good reservoir at Southern Mountain because have low capacity to store and transmit fluid by volcanic material as tuff and other volcanic glass and clay minerals as smectite, pyrophyllite and halloysite. The volcanic sandstone are mostly has angular grain shape and poor sorting which affected to the porosity and permeability too. Based on this case, The primary volcaniclastic has properties as reservoir rock than resedimented sandstone.
The paper aims to synthesize the evolution of sedimentary basins in Cambodia based on a comprehensive information on tectonic setting and existing database of their formation and sedimentation. The study includes a review on tectonic setting of Indochina, the formation of sedimentary basins around Cambodia, and the accessible data on sedimentary basins in Cambodia. Indochina, as well as Cambodia, had been influenced by the collision of three different plates or terranes such as the South China, Sibumasu-Sukhothai, and Paleo-Pacific that are associated with the evolution of Paleozoic-Mesozoic Basins namely Khorat and Kampong Som Basins. These two oldest basins, are interpreted as a Paleozoic – Mesozoic foreland basin that initially formed due to rifting during the Late Carboniferous to Late Permian, and later basin inversion and erosion took place due to the Mesozoic to earliest Cenozoic uplift. Then, Cambodia was affected by Tertiary strike-slip fault movements that also influenced the formation of Tonle Sap, Svayrieng and Khmer Tertiary rift basins. Tonle Sap and Svayrieng Basins are interpreted to be formed by extension during the Middle Eocene – Early Oligocene and inversion, uplift and denudation during the Miocene. The Khmer Basin was formed by rifting during the Eocene to the Late Oligocene, followed by rapid thermal subsidence from the Early to Middle Miocene. Finally, Khmer basin was affected by the Middle – Late Miocene to Pleistocene inversion.
To understand the characteristics of the Nankai seismogenic fault in the plate convergent margin, we calculated the P- and S-wave velocities (VP and VS) of digital rock models constructed from core samples of an ancient plate boundary fault at Nobeoka, Kyushu Island, Japan. We first constructed 3D digital rock models from microcomputed tomography images and identified their heterogeneous textures such as cracks and veins. We replaced the cracks and veins with air, water, quartz, calcite and other materials with different bulk and shear moduli. Using the Rotated Staggered Grid Finite-Difference Method, we performed dynamic wave propagation simulations and quantified the effective VP, VS and the ratio of VP to VS (VP/VS) of the 3D digital rock models with different crack-filling minerals. Our results demonstrate that the water-saturated cracks considerably decreased the seismic velocity and increased VP/VS. The VP/VS of the quartz-filled rock model was lower than that in the water-saturated case and in the calcite-filled rock model. By comparing the elastic properties derived from the digital rock models with the seismic velocities (e.g. VP and VP/VS) around the seismogenic fault estimated from field seismic data, we characterised the evolution process of the deep seismogenic fault. The high VP/VS and low VP observed at the transition from aseismic to coseismic regimes in the Nankai Trough can be explained by open cracks (or fractures), while the low VP/VS and high VP observed at the deeper coseismic fault zone suggests quartz-filled cracks. The quartz-rich fault zone characterised as low VP/VS and high VP in this study could partially relate to the coseismic behaviour as suggested by previous studies, because quartz exhibits slip-weakening behaviour (i.e. unstable coseismic slip).