Henriette Sudhaus

Kiel University

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Andreas Steinberg

Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources

Sebastian Heimann

University of Potsdam

Marius Paul Isken

Helmholtz Centre Potsdam - GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences

Hannes Vasyura‐Bathke

Helmholtz Centre Potsdam - GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences

Torsten Dahm

Helmholtz Centre Potsdam - GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences

Sigurjón Jónsson

King Abdullah University of Science and Technology

Simon Daout

Université de Lorraine

Simone Cesca

Helmholtz Centre Potsdam - GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences

Thomas R. Walter

Helmholtz Centre Potsdam - GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences

Mathilde Marchandon

Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München

Cooperative Institutions

Helmholtz Centre Potsdam - GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences

University of Potsdam

Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique

Karlsruhe Institute of Technology

Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources

Kiel University

Université Grenoble Alpes

Institut des Sciences de la Terre

Institut de Recherche pour le Développement

Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt e. V. (DLR)

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Source model for the 1997 Zirkuh earthquake (MW= 7.2) in Iran derived from JERS and ERS InSAR observations

Geophysical Journal International (2011)

Henriette Sudhaus Sigurjón Jónsson

We present the first detailed source model of the 1997 M7.2 Zirkuh earthquake that ruptured the entire Abiz fault in East Iran producing a 125 km long, bended and segmented fault trace. Using SAR data from the ERS and JERS-1 satellites we first determined a multisegment fault model for this predominately strike-slip earthquake by estimating fault-segment dip, slip, and rake values using an evolutionary optimization algorithm. We then inverted the InSAR data for variable slip and rake in more detail along the multisegment fault plane. We complement our optimization with importance sampling of the model parameter space to ensure that the derived optimum model has a high likelihood, to detect correlations or trade-offs between model parameters, and to image the model resolution. Our results are in an agreement with field observations showing that this predominantly strike-slip earthquake had a clear change in style of faulting along its rupture. In the north we find that thrust faulting on a westerly dipping fault is accompanied with the strike-slip that changes to thrust faulting on an eastward dipping fault plane in the south. The centre part of the fault is vertical and has almost pure dextral strike-slip. The heterogeneous fault slip distribution shows two regions of low slip near significant fault step-overs of the Abiz fault and therefore these fault complexities appear to reduce the fault slip. Furthermore, shallow fault slip is generally reduced with respect to slip at depth. This shallow slip deficit varies along the Zirkuh fault from a small deficit in the North to a much larger deficit along the central part of the fault, a variation that is possibly related to different interseismic repose times.

Thrust fault

Fault trace

Rake

Fault model

10.1111/j.1365-246x.2011.04973.x

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Yield estimation of the 2020 Beirut explosion using open access waveform and remote sensing data

Christoph Pilger Peter Gaebler Patrick Hupe Andre Cahyadi Kalia Felix Schneider

We report on a multi-technique analysis using publicly available data for investigating the huge, accidental explosion that struck the city of Beirut, Lebanon, on August 4, 2020. Its devastating shock wave led to thousands of injured with more than two hundred fatalities and caused immense damage to buildings and infrastructure. Our combined analysis of seismological, hydroacoustic, infrasonic and radar remote sensing data allows us to characterize the source as well as to estimate the explosive yield. The latter ranges between 0.8 and 1.1 kt TNT (kilotons of trinitrotoluene) equivalent and is plausible given the reported 2.75 kt of ammonium nitrate as explosive source. Data from the International Monitoring System of the CTBTO are used for infrasound array detections. Seismometer data from GEOFON and IRIS complement the source characterization based on seismic and acoustic signal recordings, which propagated in solid earth, water and air. Copernicus Sentinel data serve for radar remote sensing and damage estimation. As there are strict limitations for an on-site analysis of this catastrophic explosion, our presented approach based on openly accessible data from global station networks and satellite missions is of high scientific and social relevance that furthermore is transferable to other explosions.

Seismometer

10.5194/egusphere-egu21-89

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More power to kinematic earthquake source inversions: With new tools from mismodelling to uncertainties

EGU General Assembly Conference Abstracts (2014)

Sebastian Heimann Henriette Sudhaus Rongjiang Wang Simone Cesca Torsten Dahm

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Thaw Subsidence of a Yedoma Landscape in Northern Siberia, Measured In Situ and Estimated from TerraSAR-X Interferometry

Remote Sensing (2018)

Sofia Antonova Henriette Sudhaus Tazio Strozzi Simon Zwieback Andreas Kääb

In permafrost areas, seasonal freeze-thaw cycles result in upward and downward movements of the ground. For some permafrost areas, long-term downward movements were reported during the last decade. We measured seasonal and multi-year ground movements in a yedoma region of the Lena River Delta, Siberia, in 2013–2017, using reference rods installed deep in the permafrost. The seasonal subsidence was 1.7 ± 1.5 cm in the cold summer of 2013 and 4.8 ± 2 cm in the warm summer of 2014. Furthermore, we measured a pronounced multi-year net subsidence of 9.3 ± 5.7 cm from spring 2013 to the end of summer 2017. Importantly, we observed a high spatial variability of subsidence of up to 6 cm across a sub-meter horizontal scale. In summer 2013, we accompanied our field measurements with Differential Synthetic Aperture Radar Interferometry (DInSAR) on repeat-pass TerraSAR-X (TSX) data from the summer of 2013 to detect summer thaw subsidence over the same study area. Interferometry was strongly affected by a fast phase coherence loss, atmospheric artifacts, and possibly the choice of reference point. A cumulative ground movement map, built from a continuous interferogram stack, did not reveal a subsidence on the upland but showed a distinct subsidence of up to 2 cm in most of the thermokarst basins. There, the spatial pattern of DInSAR-measured subsidence corresponded well with relative surface wetness identified with the near infra-red band of a high-resolution optical image. Our study suggests that (i) although X-band SAR has serious limitations for ground movement monitoring in permafrost landscapes, it can provide valuable information for specific environments like thermokarst basins, and (ii) due to the high sub-pixel spatial variability of ground movements, a validation scheme needs to be developed and implemented for future DInSAR studies in permafrost environments.

Thermokarst

10.3390/rs10040494

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The 2015 M7.2 Sarez, Central Pamir, Earthquake And The Importance Of Strike-Slip Faulting In The Pamir Interior: Insights From Geodesy And Field Observations

Sabrina Metzger Bernd Schurr Lothar Ratschbacher Tilo Schöne Sofia-Katerina Kufner

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Geodetic Fault Modelling of the 1997 Zirkuh Earthquake (Iran) using InSAR data from the ERS-1/2 and JERS-1 Satellites

AGUFM (2008)

Henriette Sudhaus Sigurjón Jónsson

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Reliability of Coulomb stress changes inferred from correlated uncertainties of finite‐fault source models

Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres (2012)

J. Woessner Sigurjón Jónsson Henriette Sudhaus Cyrill Baumann

Static stress transfer is one physical mechanism to explain triggered seismicity. Coseismic stress‐change calculations strongly depend on the parameterization of the causative finite‐fault source model. These models are uncertain due to uncertainties in input data, model assumptions, and modeling procedures. However, fault model uncertainties have usually been ignored in stress‐triggering studies and have not been propagated to assess the reliability of Coulomb failure stress change (ΔCFS) calculations. We show how these uncertainties can be used to provide confidence intervals for co‐seismic ΔCFS‐values. We demonstrate this for the M W = 5.9 June 2000 Kleifarvatn earthquake in southwest Iceland and systematically map these uncertainties. A set of 2500 candidate source models from the full posterior fault‐parameter distribution was used to compute 2500 ΔCFS maps. We assess the reliability of the ΔCFS‐values from the coefficient of variation ( CV ) and deem ΔCFS‐values to be reliable where they are at least twice as large as the standard deviation ( CV ≤ 0.5). Unreliable ΔCFS‐values are found near the causative fault and between lobes of positive and negative stress change, where a small change in fault strike causes ΔCFS‐values to change sign. The most reliable ΔCFS‐values are found away from the source fault in the middle of positive and negative ΔCFS‐lobes, a likely general pattern. Using the reliability criterion, our results support the static stress‐triggering hypothesis. Nevertheless, our analysis also suggests that results from previous stress‐triggering studies not considering source model uncertainties may have lead to a biased interpretation of the importance of static stress‐triggering.

10.1029/2011jb009121

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Citations (31)

IMPROVED SOURCE IMAGING OF THE KLEIFARVATN EARTHQUAKE, ICELAND, THROUGH A COMBINED USE OF ASCENDING AND DESCENDING INSAR DATA

Henriette Sudhaus Sigurjón Jónsson

We re-investigated the surface deformation of the Kleifarvatn earthquake on Reykjanes Peninsula, an event that was dynamically triggered by a moderatesize magnitude 6.5 earthquake 80 km away on 17 June 2000. Two ERS-2 interferograms from descending and ascending tracks were formed and used in combination with campaign GPS measurements to invert for the source parameters of rectangular faults for the Kleifarvatn and the adjacent and smaller Nupshliðarhals earthquakes assuming uniform slip. With our more complete data set that includes the ascending ERS-2 data, we demonstrate an efficient suppression of model parameter trade-offs between fault dip and fault slip. We consider the correlated noise of InSAR by propagating the full data covariance to a weighting matrix, which balances the complete data set consistently. Our best model agrees not only with the regional faulting system, it is also supported by locations of recently relocated aftershocks.

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Strain partitioning at the eastern Pamir-Alai revealed through SAR data analysis of the 2008 Nura earthquake

Geophysical Journal International (2014)

Kanayim Teshebaeva Henriette Sudhaus Helmut Echtler Bernd Schurr Sigrid Roessner

On 2008 October 5, a magnitude 6.6 earthquake struck the eastern termination of the intermontane Alai valley between the southern Tien Shan and the northern Pamir of Kyrgyzstan. The shallow thrust earthquake occurred in the footwall of the Main Pamir thrust, where the Pamir orogen is colliding with the southern Tien Shan mountains. We measure the coseismic surface displacements using SAR (Synthetic Aperture RADAR) data; the results show clear gradients in the vertical and horizontal directions along a complex pattern of surface ruptures and active faults. To integrate and to interpret these observations in the context of the regional tectonics, we complement the SAR data analysis with seismological data and geological field observations. While the main moment release of the Nura earthquake appears to be on the Pamir Frontal thrust, the main surface displacements and surface rupture occurred in the footwall along the NE–SW striking Irkeshtam fault. With InSAR data from ascending and descending tracks along with pixel offset measurements, we model the Nura earthquake source as a segmented rupture. One fault segment corresponds to high-angle brittle faulting at the Pamir Frontal thrust and two more fault segments show moderate-angle and low-friction thrusting at the Irkeshtam fault. Our integrated analysis of the coseismic deformation argues for rupture segmentation and strain partitioning associated to the earthquake. It possibly activated an orogenic wedge in the easternmost segment of the Pamir-Alai collision zone. Further, the style of the segmentation may be associated with the presence of Palaeogene evaporites.

Thrust fault

10.1093/gji/ggu158

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Citations (32)

Kite - bridging InSAR displacement analysis and earthquake modelling: the 2019 Ridgecrest earthquakes

Marius Paul Isken Henriette Sudhaus Sebastian Heimann Hannes Vasyura‐Bathke Andreas Steinberg

We present a modular open-source software framework - Kite (http://pyrocko.org) - for rapid post-processing of spaceborne InSAR-derived surface displacement maps. The software enables swift parametrisation, post-processing and sub-sampling of the displacement measurements that are compatible with common InSAR processors (e.g. SNAP, GAMMA, ISCE, etc.) and online processing centers delivering unrwapped InSAR data products, such as NASA ARIA or LiCSAR. The post-processing capabilities include removal of first-order atmospheric phase delays through elevation correlation estimations and regional atmospheric phase screen (APS) estimations based on atmospheric models (GACOS), masking of displacement data, adaptive data sub-sampling using quadtree decomposition and data error covariance estimation.Kite datasets integrate into forward modelling and optimisation frameworks Grond (Heiman et al., 2019) and BEAT (Vasyura-Bathke et al., 2019), both software packages aim to ease and streamline the joint optimisation of earthquake parameters from InSAR and GPS data together with seismological waveforms. These data combinations will improve the estimation of earthquake rupture parameters. Establishing this data processing software framework we want to bridge the gap between InSAR processing software and seismological modelling frameworks, to contribute to a timely and better understanding of earthquake kinematics. This approach paves the way to automated inversion of earthquake models incorporating space-borne InSAR data.Under development is the processing of InSAR displacement time series data to link simultaneous modelling of co- and post-seismic transient deformation processes from InSAR observations to physical earthquake cycle models.We demonstrate the framework&#8217;s capabilities with an analysis of the 2019 Ridgecrest earthquakes from InSAR surface displacements (provided by NASA ARIA) combined with GNSS displacements using the Bayesian bootstrapping strategy from the Grond inverse modelling tool.

Data Processing

10.5194/egusphere-egu2020-8164

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