Because of the proximity of the Euler poles of rotation of the Pacific and Antarctic plates, small variations in plate kinematics are fully recorded in the axial morphology and in the geometry of the Pacific-Antarctic Ridge south of the Udintsev fracture zone. Swath bathymetry and magnetic data show that clockwise rotations of the relative motion between the Pacific and Antarctic plates over the last 6 million years resulted in rift propagation or in the linkage of ridge segments, with transitions from transform faults to giant overlapping spreading centers. This bimodal axial rearrangement has propagated southward for the last 30 to 35 million years, leaving trails on the sea floor along a 1000-kilometer-long V-shaped structure south of the Udintsev fracture zone.
Axial bathymetry, major/trace elements, and isotopes suggest that the Pacific‐Antarctic Ridge (PAR) between 56°S and 66°S is devoid of any hotspot influence. PAR (56–66°S) samples have in average lower 87 Sr/ 86 Sr and 143 Nd/ 144 Nd and higher 206 Pb/ 204 Pb than northern Pacific mid‐ocean ridge basalts (MORB), and also than MORB from the other oceans. The high variability of Pb isotopic ratios (compared to Sr and Nd) can be due to either a general high μ (HIMU) (high U/Pb) affinity of the southern Pacific upper mantle or to a mantle event first recorded in time by Pb isotopes. Compiling the results of this study with those from the PAR between 53°S and 57°S gives a continuous view of mantle characteristics from south Pitman Fracture Zone (FZ) to Vacquier FZ, representing about 3000 km of spreading axis. The latitude of Udintsev FZ (56°S) is a limit between, to the north, a domain with large geochemical variations and, to the south, one with small variations. The spreading rate has intermediate values (54 mm/yr at 66°S to 74 mm/yr at 56°S) which increase along the PAR, while the axial morphology changes from valley to dome. The morphological transition is not recorded by the chemical properties of the ridge basalts nor by the inferred mantle temperature which displays few variations (30–40°C) along the PAR. Contrary to what is observed along the South‐East Indian Ridge, PAR morphology appears to be controlled more by spreading rate rather than by mantle temperature. Much of the major and trace element variability results from segmentation control on the shallowest thermal structure of the mantle. The cold edge of a fracture zone seems to be more efficient when occurring in an axial dome context. It is expressed as an increase of the magnitude of the Transform Fault Effect along the valley‐dome transition, resulting in a clear increase of trace element ratio variability (such as Nb/Zr). There is no strong evidence for the previously proposed southwestward asthenospheric flow in the area. However, this flow model could explain the intrasegment asymmetric patterns.
The first isotopic data and concentrations of helium are reported for the Pacific‐Antarctic ridge between 52.5°S and 41.5°S. The 4 He/ 3 He ratio is extremely homogeneous over more than 1200 km, with a mean ratio of 99,275 (R/Ra = 7.29) and a standard deviation of 2719 (0.19), which is the lowest dispersion observed for the global mid oceanic ridge system. Moreover, the Menard T.F. is a frontier between two mantles with slightly different helium isotopic ratios (96,595 ± 1520 and 100,347 ± 2330). No difference in the helium concentration between the two ridge segments defined by the Menard T.F. can be observed, as well as no significant difference in the U and Th contents suggesting that the difference in helium isotopic ratio is old (>500 My) and may represent a slight difference in degassing or/and trace element depletion history.
The southern Pacific Ocean offers the rare possibility to study a situation where a spreading ridge (the Pacific‐Antarctic Ridge (PAR)) migrates toward a fixed hot spot (the Louisville hot spot) (Small, 1995). Hollister Ridge is a 450 km long linear structure whose position, between the PAR axis and the most recent edifices of the Louisville hot spot trail, led some authors to suggest that the ridge is genetically related to the hot spot (Small, 1995; Wessel and Kroenke, 1997). Mapping and sampling of the ridge in 1996 revealed, however, that the contribution of the Louisville plume material to its mantle source is minor and suggested that it might be the result of intraplate deformation (Géli et al., 1998; Vlastélic et al., 1998). We report new, highly precise Pb isotopic data from Hollister Ridge, which (1) confirm that the maximal contribution of the Louisville plume, in the centrally, volcanic active part of the ridge, probably does not exceed 20% (15 and 35% for lower and upper limits) and (2) reveal through time an increasing plume influence. The initiation of the Louisville plume involvement in the source of Hollister Ridge is estimated to have occurred between 1.04 and 0.77 Myr ago. It thus followed closely the most recent volcanic activity reported along the Louisville trail (1.11 Ma (Koppers et al., 2004)). This suggests that Hollister Ridge has recorded the dispersion of the Louisville plume as the spreading ridge approached the hot spot. Assuming that the Louisville hot spot is located near the youngest seamount dredged along the Louisville seamount chain, Hollister Ridge lies along the shortest path of pressure release connecting the hot spot to the spreading axis. This path involves, first, an abrupt upwelling across the Eltanin fault system and, subsequently, a more progressive migration toward the spreading axis. Because Hollister Ridge is older than 2.5 Ma, the structure might not be the consequence of the plume‐ridge flow. Instead, Hollister Ridge most likely emplaced through a lithospheric crack (Géli et al., 1998), which, subsequently, may have captured the plume‐ridge flow.
