J. Escartı́n

Laboratoire de Géologie de l’École Normale Supérieure

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Mathilde Cannat

Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique

110

Thibaut Barreyre

University of Bergen

Wayne C. Crawford

Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique

Valérie Ballu

Littoral, Environnement et Sociétés

Robert A Sohn

Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution

Jean‐Arthur Olive

Laboratoire de Géologie de l’École Normale Supérieure

M. Andréani

Institut Universitaire de France

Nuno Gracias

University of Girona

Deborah K. Smith

Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution

Christine Deplus

Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique

Cooperative Institutions

Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique

195

Institut de physique du globe de Paris

105

Charles River Laboratories (Netherlands)

Université Paris Cité

International Ocean Discovery Program

Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution

Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory

Sorbonne Paris Cité

Institut de Recherche pour le Développement

Columbia University

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Three-dimensional Geometry of Magma Chamber Roof and Faults from 3D Seismic Reflection Data at the Lucky Strike Volcano, Mid-Atlantic Ridge

AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts (2007)

Violaine Combier Tim Seher S. C. Singh William R. Crawford Mathilde Cannat

A three-dimensional (3D) seismic reflection survey was carried out during the SISMOMAR 2005 experiment covering an area of 18x3.8 km, which includes the Lucky Strike volcano and associated hydrothermal vent sites, part of the graben on top of the volcano, and extends out to the median valley bounding faults. The survey consisted of 39 lines shot at 100 m spacing using a 4.5 km-long streamer resulting in a sixty-fold coverage and 6.25 m CDP spacing. We present here the resulting 3D time migrated volume that shows a bright reflector at about 3 km depth beneath the volcano, which is interpreted as the roof of a magma chamber, along with the base of layer 2A. We were also able to image faults on the volcano and bounding the median valley, some of which penetrate down to the vicinity of the magma chamber. We also provide the 3D geometry of the magma chamber roof and base of layer 2A, converted to depth using the velocities from the 3D refraction survey (Seher et al., same session), and a highresolution seafloor bathymetric map derived from the picks of the seafloor arrival.

Magma chamber

Seafloor Spreading

Mid-Atlantic Ridge

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Citations (2)

Lucky Strike record of hydrothermal outflow temperature at vent TE_AIS_090923_101010_HN29016b

Thibaut Barreyre J. Escartı́n Robert A Sohn Mathilde Cannat Valérie Ballu

Outflow

10.1594/pangaea.820412

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A noninvasive method for measuring the velocity of diffuse hydrothermal flow by tracking moving refractive index anomalies

Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems (2010)

E. L. Mittelstaedt Anne Davaille Peter E. van Keken Nuno Gracias J. Escartı́n

Diffuse flow velocimetry (DFV) is introduced as a new, noninvasive, optical technique for measuring the velocity of diffuse hydrothermal flow. The technique uses images of a motionless, random medium (e.g., rocks) obtained through the lens of a moving refraction index anomaly (e.g., a hot upwelling). The method works in two stages. First, the changes in apparent background deformation are calculated using particle image velocimetry (PIV). The deformation vectors are determined by a cross correlation of pixel intensities across consecutive images. Second, the 2‐D velocity field is calculated by cross correlating the deformation vectors between consecutive PIV calculations. The accuracy of the method is tested with laboratory and numerical experiments of a laminar, axisymmetric plume in fluids with both constant and temperature‐dependent viscosity. Results show that average RMS errors are ∼5%–7% and are most accurate in regions of pervasive apparent background deformation which is commonly encountered in regions of diffuse hydrothermal flow. The method is applied to a 25 s video sequence of diffuse flow from a small fracture captured during the Bathyluck'09 cruise to the Lucky Strike hydrothermal field (September 2009). The velocities of the ∼10°C–15°C effluent reach ∼5.5 cm/s, in strong agreement with previous measurements of diffuse flow. DFV is found to be most accurate for approximately 2‐D flows where background objects have a small spatial scale, such as sand or gravel.

Particle tracking velocimetry

10.1029/2010gc003227

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Citations (16)

Issue Information

Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems (2019)

Paul D. Asimow Lucilla Benedetti J. G. Bryce Clinton P. Conrad F. J. Cooper

No abstract is available for this article.

10.1002/ggge.21609

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Crustal thickness of V‐shaped ridges south of the Azores: Interaction of the Mid‐Atlantic Ridge (36°–39°N) and the Azores hot spot

Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres (2001)

J. Escartı́n Mathilde Cannat Gaud Pouliquen Aline Rabain Jian Lin

V‐shaped ridges propagating along the Mid‐Atlantic Ridge axis south of the Azores and Iceland hot spots indicate that ridge‐hot spot interactions produce temporal and spatial variations in melt supply to the ridge axis. Estimates of relative crustal thickness variations associated with the ridges south of the Azores hot spots, based on gravity and bathymetry data collected during the SudAçores cruise (1998), provide constraints on the rate of propagation of these melt anomalies and on the variations in melt production along the axis and in time. The maximum apparent crustal thickness along the Azores V ridge is ∼14 km near the Azores, decreasing to normal crustal thickness of ∼6 km toward the south. This crustal thickness variation may be explained by enhanced melt production associated with the propagation of a mantle temperature anomaly that initiated ∼10 Myr ago at the Azores hot spot. The temperature anomaly decreased as it propagated southward, reaching ambient mantle temperatures at the present time at its predicted location under the axis. The excess melt was emplaced on axis forming discrete, shallow (<1000 m) oceanic plateaus (∼100 km in diameter at ∼37.5°N) that are isostatically compensated. The numerous seamounts, lack of normal faults, and smooth basement at the summit of these plateaus suggest high effusion rates that persisted for ∼5 Myr or less, with little or no tectonic strain. As the melt anomaly propagated along axis, the magmatic activity at the plateaus ceased, resulting in rifting of the plateau and onset of normal seafloor spreading. The variations in crustal thickness inferred for the V ridges south of the Azores are at least twice that inferred for the Iceland structures. In both cases the V ridges record temporal variations in temperature and/or mantle flux that affect melt production under the ridge axis, but the fluctuations are larger for the Azores than for the Iceland hot spot.

Mid-Atlantic Ridge

Seafloor Spreading

Seamount

10.1029/2001jb000224

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Citations (97)

Widespread active detachment faulting and core complex formation near 13° N on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge

Nature (2006)

Deborah K. Smith J. R. Cann J. Escartı́n

Detachment fault

Seafloor Spreading

Mid-Atlantic Ridge

Massif

Transform fault

10.1038/nature04950

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Citations (265)

Chemical Mass Balance, Depositional Efficiency, and Rates of Formation of Seafloor Massive Sulfide Deposits

Goldschmidt Abstracts (2020)

John Jamieson Dennis Sanchez Mora Ben Peterkin Thibaut Barreyre J. Escartı́n

Seafloor Spreading

10.46427/gold2020.1168

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Underwater 3D Reconstruction from Video or Still Imagery: Matisse and 3DMetrics Processing and Exploitation Software

Journal of Marine Science and Engineering (2023)

Aurélien Arnaubec Maxime Ferrera J. Escartı́n Marjolaine Matabos Nuno Gracias

This paper addresses the lack of “push-button” software for optical marine imaging, which currently limits the use of photogrammetric approaches by a wider community. It presents and reviews an open source software, Matisse, for creating textured 3D models of complex underwater scenes from video or still images. This software, developed for non-experts, enables routine and efficient processing of underwater images into 3D models that facilitate the exploitation and analysis of underwater imagery. When vehicle navigation data are available, Matisse allows for seamless integration of such data to produce 3D reconstructions that are georeferenced and properly scaled. The software includes pre-processing tools to extract images from videos and to make corrections for color and uneven lighting. Four datasets of different 3D scenes are provided for demonstration. They include both input images and navigation and associated 3D models generated with Matisse. The datasets, captured under different survey geometries, lead to 3D models of different sizes and demonstrate the capabilities of the software. The software suite also includes a 3D scene analysis tool, 3DMetrics, which can be used to visualize 3D scenes, incorporate elevation terrain models (e.g., from high-resolution bathymetry data) and manage, extract, and export quantitative measurements for the 3D data analysis. Both software packages are publicly available.

Software suite

Georeference

10.3390/jmse11050985

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Citations (14)

Magmatic and tectonic extension at the Chile Ridge: Evidence for mantle controls on ridge segmentation

Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems (2016)

S. M. Howell Garrett Ito M. D. Behn Fernando Martínez Jean‐Arthur Olive

Abstract We use data from an extensive multibeam bathymetry survey of the Chile Ridge to study tectonomagmatic processes at the ridge axis. Specifically, we investigate how abyssal hills evolve from axial faults, how variations in magmatic extension influence morphology and faulting along the spreading axis, and how these variations correlate with ridge segmentation. The bathymetry data are used to estimate the fraction of plate separation accommodated by normal faulting, and the remaining fraction of extension, M , is attributed primarily to magmatic accretion. Results show that M ranges from 0.85 to 0.96, systematically increasing from first‐order and second‐order ridge segment offsets toward segment centers as the depth of ridge axis shoals relative to the flanking highs of the axial valley. Fault spacing, however, does not correlate with ridge geometry, morphology, or M along the Chile Ridge, which suggests the observed increase in tectonic strain toward segment ends is achieved through increased slip on approximately equally spaced faults. Variations in M along the segments follow variations in petrologic indicators of mantle melt fraction, both showing a preferred length scale of 50 ± 20 km that persists even along much longer ridge segments. In comparison, mean M and axial relief fail to show significant correlations with distance offsetting the segments. These two findings suggest a form of magmatic segmentation that is partially decoupled from the geometry of the plate boundary. We hypothesize this magmatic segmentation arises from cells of buoyantly upwelling mantle that influence tectonic segmentation from the mantle, up.

Ridge push

Mid-Atlantic Ridge

Hotspot (geology)

Detachment fault

10.1002/2016gc006380

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Citations (37)

Crustal accretion at mid-ocean ridges and backarc spreading centers: insights from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, the Bransfield Basin and the North Fiji Basin

Contributions to science (1999)

J. Escartı́n Eulalia Gràcia i Mont

Les dorsals medio-oceaniques son laboratoris naturals per a l'estudi dels processos volcanics i tectonics, i les seves interaccions. La estructura i historia geodinamica relativament senzilla de les dorsals oceaniques ha fet que aquestes siguin el focus d'actius projectes pluridisciplinars, tals com RIDGE (EUA), i InterRidge. Fonamentats en aquestes iniciatives en els darrers vint anys s'han produit avancos significatius, en l'exploracio, cartografia i mostreig d'una elevada porcio del sistema global de dorsals oceaniques. Aquestes dades han servit per a constrenyer models de dinamica del mantell i el seu percentage de fusio, de formacio de la litosfera, d'acrecio magmatica, de deformacio tectonica i dels processos volcanics en nivells superficials. Aquest es un article de sintesi en el qual agrupem observacions i interpretacions basades en la nostra propia experiencia en diverses localitats al llarg de dorsals medio-oceaniques (Dorsal Medio-Atlantica) i conques de rerearc (Bransfield i Nord- Fiji). Les eines utilitzades estan basades en els metodes de geofisica marina comunment utilitzats en l'estudi de dorsals, com son la batimetria multifeix, la retrodifusio acustica, i la gravimetria. Els resultats d'aquests estudis ens proporcionen informacio sobre la expressio superficial de la tectonica, volcanisme, aixi com de l'estructura en profunditat de la litosfera oceanica i els processos que hi tenen lloc.

10.2436/cs.v0i0.246

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Citations (6)