Ming-Hsuan Yen

Helmholtz Centre Potsdam - GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences

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Fabrice Cotton

Helmholtz Centre Potsdam - GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences

Elif Türker

Helmholtz Centre Potsdam - GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences

Kuo‐Fong Ma

Institute of Earth Sciences, Academia Sinica

Marco Pilz

Helmholtz Centre Potsdam - GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences

Adrien Oth

European Center for Geodynamics and Seismology

Mathilde Marchandon

Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München

Yen‐Yu Lin

National Central University

Benjamin Edwards

University of Liverpool

Dino Bindi

Helmholtz Centre Potsdam - GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences

Alice‐Agnes Gabriel

University of California, San Diego

Cooperative Institutions

Helmholtz Centre Potsdam - GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences

University of Potsdam

National Central University

Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München

LMU Klinikum

Institute of Earth Sciences, Academia Sinica

Karlsruhe Institute of Technology

Université Grenoble Alpes

Institut des Sciences de la Terre

California Institute of Technology

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Significance of Pulse-Like Ground Motions and Directivity Effects in Moderate Earthquakes: The Example of the Mw 6.1 Gölyaka-Düzce Earthquake on 23 November 2022

Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America (2023)

Elif Türker Ming-Hsuan Yen Marco Pilz Fabrice Cotton

ABSTRACT The 1400 km long North Anatolian Fault Zone in Türkiye runs through numerous densely populated regions, including the city of Düzce that was recently hit by an Mw 6.1 earthquake on 23 November 2022. This was the first moderate event in the region after the devastating Mw 7.2 earthquake in 1999, which cost the lives of over 700 people. Despite its moderate size, the earthquake caused unexpected severe damage to a significant number of buildings, as reported by local institutions (Disaster and Emergency Management Presidency, AFAD). It is well established that ground motions in the near field can lead to increased damage due to near-field domain effects, such as ground-motion pulses and directivity effects (i.e., when the site is aligned with rupture propagation). We examine potential near-field effects using the strong ground motion database of AFAD-Turkish Accelerometric Database and Analysis Systems. To achieve this, we first analyze the behavior of the ground-motion intensities in terms of their spatial distribution and observe higher peak ground velocity than expected by ground-motion models in spatially constrained azimuthal ranges. Furthermore, we find that the majority of the near-fault recordings contain velocity pulses that are primary concentrated on the fault-parallel component. This outcome questions the widely accepted understanding from the previous studies, which mainly suggested that impulsive ground motions that are associated with directivity effects primarily occur on the fault-normal component of large-magnitude events.

Directivity

Strong ground motion

10.1785/0120230043

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Within- and Between-Event Variabilities of Strong-Velocity Pulses of Moderate Earthquakes within Dense Seismic Arrays

Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America (2021)

Ming-Hsuan Yen Sebastian von Specht Yen‐Yu Lin Fabrice Cotton Kuo‐Fong Ma

ABSTRACT Ground motion with strong-velocity pulses can cause significant damage to buildings and structures at certain periods; hence, knowing the period and velocity amplitude of such pulses is critical for earthquake structural engineering. However, the physical factors relating the scaling of pulse periods with magnitude are poorly understood. In this study, we investigate moderate but damaging earthquakes (Mw 6–7) and characterize ground-motion pulses using the method of Shahi and Baker (2014) while considering the potential static-offset effects. We confirm that the within-event variability of the pulses is large. The identified pulses in this study are mostly from strike-slip-like earthquakes. We further perform simulations using the frequency–wavenumber algorithm to investigate the causes of the variability of the pulse periods within and between events for moderate strike-slip earthquakes. We test the effect of fault dips, and the impact of the asperity locations and sizes. The simulations reveal that the asperity properties have a high impact on the pulse periods and amplitudes at nearby stations. Our results emphasize the importance of asperity characteristics, in addition to earthquake magnitudes for the occurrence and properties of pulses produced by the forward directivity effect. We finally quantify and discuss within- and between-event variabilities of pulse properties at short distances.

Asperity (geotechnical engineering)

Directivity

Strong ground motion

10.1785/0120200376

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Citations (12)

Source parameters and scaling relationships of stress drop for shallow crustal seismic events in Western Europe

Journal of Seismology (2024)

Ming-Hsuan Yen Dino Bindi Adrien Oth Benjamin Edwards Riccardo Zaccarelli

Abstract For an ω 2 -source model, moment-based estimates of the stress drop are obtained by combining corner frequency and seismic moment source parameters. Therefore, the moment-based estimates of the stress drop are informative about the amount of energy radiated at high frequencies by dynamic rupture processes. This study aims to systematically estimate such stress drop from the harmonized dataset at the European scale and to characterize the distributions of the stress drop for application in future stochastic simulations. We analyze the seismological records associated with shallow crustal seismic events that occurred in Western Europe between January 1990 and May 2020. We processed 220,000 high-quality records and isolated the contributions of the source, site, and path contributions using the Generalized Inversion Technique. The source parameters, including the corner frequency, moment magnitude, and stress drop, of 6135 seismic events are calculated. The events processed are mainly tectonic events (e.g., earthquakes of the central Italy 2009–2016 sequence), although non-tectonic events associated with the Groningen gas field and mining activities in Western Europe are also included in the analysis. The impact of different attenuation models and reference site choices are evaluated. Most of the obtained source spectra follow the standard ω 2 -model except for a few events where the data sampling considered does not allow an effective spectral decomposition. The resulting stress drop shows a positive correlation with moment magnitude between 3 and 4, and a self-similarity for magnitudes greater than 4 with a mean stress drop of 13.8 MPa.

Seismic moment

Moment magnitude scale

Stress field

10.1007/s10950-023-10188-y

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Investigation and hazard implication of 1604 Quanzhou earthquake using modern simulation with literature intensity

Terrestrial Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences (2021)

Ming-Hsuan Yen Yi-Wun Mika Liao Kuo‐Fong Ma Yuan-Chieh Wu

The 1604 Quanzhou earthquake occurred offshore southeastern China in the Taiwan Strait and with magnitude estimated ranging from 7.5 to 8.0, which is the largest earthquake observed in the low seismicity zone of the Taiwan strait for the last 400 years.According to literature, this earthquake caused several casualties and severe damage along the coast of southeastern China.Although no document reported the impact of this earthquake on Taiwan, the impact of an earthquake like the 1604 Quanzhou event is of great concern for the region considering the densely populated areas on both sides of the Taiwan Strait.In this study, we review the literature and past studies of this earthquake, and we simulate the level of ground shaking through various models based on past studies.Our results show that the 1604 Quanzhou earthquake had a magnitude of M w 8.1 with maximum slip of 16 -20 m on an asperity, and with an average stress drop of 10 MPa.The comparison of the simulation to the developed response spectra suggests that this earthquake brought a larger long period motion (< 0.4 Hz) to Taiwan compared to that from the regional recorded crustal earthquakes.The long period motion from an earthquake in this magnitude scale warrants attention regarding seismic hazard mitigation for high-rise buildings for cities across the Taiwan Strait.

Intensity

10.3319/tao.2021.01.04.01

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Importance of Pulse-Like Ground Motions and Directivity Effects in Moderate Earthquakes based on the 23 November 2022, Mw 6.1 Gölyaka-Düzce Earthquake (Turkey).

Elif Türker Ming-Hsuan Yen Marco Pilz Fabrice Cotton

The North Anatolian Fault Zone in Turkey spans 1400 km, passing through densely populated areas, including Düzce, which experienced the destructive Mw 7.2 event in 1999 that caused more than 700 lives. On 23 November 2022, for the first time in over 20 years, a moderate Mw 6.1 earthquake struck the city and surrounding area. Despite its moderate magnitude, the event caused unexpectedly severe damage to numerous buildings, as reported by local institutions (Disaster and Emergency Management Presidency; AFAD). Recognizing the potential impact of near-field effects such as ground motion pulses and directivity effects, which are known to increase damage in the vicinity of the fault, we investigate these phenomena using the AFAD-Turkish Accelerometric Database. Our analysis delves into the spatial distribution of ground motion intensities, revealing higher peak ground velocities in certain azimuthal ranges than predicted by existing ground motion models. Surprisingly, our findings challenge outcomes derived from previous studies, suggesting that impulsive ground motions associated with directivity effects mainly occur on the fault-normal component of large-magnitude events. In contrast, our examination of near-fault recordings indicates a concentration of velocity pulses, primarily on the fault-parallel component, and thus questions the widely established understandings of earlier studies.

Directivity

10.5194/egusphere-egu24-17715

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An analysis of strong velocity pulses from the empirical data and dynamic rupture simulations of the 2023 Kahramanmaras earthquake doublets

Ming-Hsuan Yen Elif Türker Fabrice Cotton

The Mw 7.8 and Mw 7.5 doublets of the 2023 Turkey seismic sequence show strong velocity pulses that may have caused extensive damage to buildings and structures. We analyze the velocity pulses from the empirical data (both raw and processed) to understand the causes of these for these doublets. The analysis includes a comparison with the velocity pulses from the synthetic data of the Jia et al. (2023) dynamic rupture simulation available for the first Mw 7.8 event and an analysis of the variability of large instrumented earthquakes of the last 30 years. We characterize the properties of the ground motion pulses (e.g., period, velocity, and orientation) using the algorithm proposed by Shahi and Baker (2014). The identified pulses in the synthetic data show the main characteristics of the pulses (periods, PGV). However, the pulse properties in the synthetic data show less variability than the natural variability found in the empirical data, particularly a random behavior in the pulse orientation. The results then indicate that the pulse characteristics in the near-fault regions of large-magnitude earthquakes exhibit a significant variability and that this variability is similar to the one observed in past large earthquakes. This pronounced variability can be attributed to various factors, including directivity effects and site effects. This suggests that the full complexity of earthquake rupture processes and site configurations should be taken into account to be able to capture the high variability in pulse properties.

10.5194/egusphere-egu24-9916

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An analysis of directivity pulses using empirical data and dynamic rupture simulations of the 2023 Kahramanmaras earthquake doublet

Earthquake Spectra (2025)

Ming-Hsuan Yen Elif Türker Thomas Ulrich Mathilde Marchandon Alice‐Agnes Gabriel

Near-field earthquake ground motions characterized by strong velocity pulses can cause extensive damage to buildings and structures. Such pulses were identified during the Mw 7.8 and Mw 7.5 earthquake doublet of the 2023 Turkey seismic sequence, potentially contributing to the extensive damage it caused. Therefore, a better understanding and characterization of pulse properties (e.g. period and amplitude) and their underlying physical factors are crucial for earthquake-resistant design. In this study, we characterize the velocity pulses reported in observed records and synthetic waveforms generated by a three-dimensional (3D) dynamic rupture simulation of the Mw 7.8 event. We observed significant variability in the pulse properties of the observed records in near-fault regions, particularly regarding their orientations. This variability was not fully captured by the dynamic rupture simulation. Our results indicate that directivity effects are not the only factors influencing pulse characteristics in this earthquake doublet. While site effects (e.g. basin effects) may influence pulse characteristics at some stations, local heterogeneities in slip amplitude, orientations, and fault geometries can be critical in generating or influencing pulse properties in this earthquake doublet.

Directivity

10.1177/87552930241305012

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