V. Minaev

Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Tajikistan

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Ilhomjon Oimahmadov

Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Tajikistan

Xiaohui Yuan

Helmholtz Centre Potsdam - GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences

Felix Schneider

Helmholtz Centre Potsdam - GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences

U. Abdybachaev

Central-Asian Institute for Applied Geosciences

Bernd Schurr

Helmholtz Centre Potsdam - GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences

Christian Sippl

Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Geophysics

J. Mechie

Helmholtz Centre Potsdam - GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences

Mustafo Gadoev

Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Tajikistan

Lothar Ratschbacher

TU Bergakademie Freiberg

S. Orunbaev

American University of Central Asia

Cooperative Institutions

TU Bergakademie Freiberg

Helmholtz Centre Potsdam - GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences

University of California, Santa Barbara

Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Tajikistan

Freie Universität Berlin

University of Arizona

Stanford University

University of Tübingen

University of Potsdam

University of Wisconsin–Madison

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The thermal structure of continental crust in active orogens: insight from Miocene eclogite and granulite xenoliths of the Pamir Mountains

Journal of Metamorphic Geology (2012)

Stacia M. Gordon Péter Luffi Bradley R. Hacker John W. Valley Michael J. Spicuzza

Abstract Rare ultrahigh‐temperature–(near)ultrahigh‐pressure (UHT–near‐UHP) crustal xenoliths erupted at 11 Ma in the Pamir Mountains, southeastern Tajikistan, preserve a compositional and thermal record at mantle depths of crustal material subducted beneath the largest collisional orogen on Earth. A combination of oxygen‐isotope thermometry, major‐element thermobarometry and pseudosection analysis reveals that, prior to eruption, the xenoliths partially equilibrated at conditions ranging from 815 °C at 19 kbar to 1100 °C at 27 kbar for eclogites and granulites, and 884 °C at 20 kbar to 1012 °C at 33 kbar for garnet–phlogopite websterites. To reach these conditions, the eclogites and granulites must have undergone mica‐dehydration melting. The extraction depths exceed the present‐day Pamir Moho at ∼65 km depth and suggest an average thermal gradient of ∼12–13 °C km −1 . The relatively cold geotherm implies the introduction of these rocks to mantle depths by subduction or gravitational foundering (transient crustal drip). The xenoliths provide a window into a part of the orogenic history in which crustal material reached UHT–(U)HP conditions, partially melted, and then decompressed, without being overprinted by the later post‐thermal relaxation history.

Xenolith

Peridotite

10.1111/j.1525-1314.2012.00973.x

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Subduction of lower continental crust beneath the Pamir imaged by receiver functions from the seismological TIPAGE network

Felix Schneider Xiaohui Yuan Bernd Schurr J. Mechie Christian Sippl

Receiver function

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P and S receiver function analysis along a profile in eastern Pamir and southern Tien Shan

AGUFM (2011)

Felix Schneider Xiaohui Yuan Christan Sippl Bernd Schurr J. Mechie

Receiver function

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Seismicity of the Pamir and Hindu Kush: new constraints on regional tectonics

Christian Sippl Bernd Schurr Felix Schneider Xiaohui Yuan J. Mechie

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Geometry of the Pamir‐Hindu Kush intermediate‐depth earthquake zone from local seismic data

Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth (2013)

Christian Sippl Bernd Schurr Xiaohui Yuan J. Mechie Felix Schneider

We present new seismicity images based on a two‐year seismic deployment in the Pamir and SW Tien Shan. A total of 9532 earthquakes were detected, located, and rigorously assessed in a multistage automatic procedure utilizing state‐of‐the‐art picking algorithms, waveform cross‐correlation, and multi‐event relocation. The obtained catalog provides new information on crustal seismicity and reveals the geometry and internal structure of the Pamir‐Hindu Kush intermediate‐depth seismic zone with improved detail and resolution. The relocated seismicity clearly defines at least two distinct planes: one beneath the Pamir and the other beneath the Hindu Kush, separated by a gap across which strike and dip directions change abruptly. The Pamir seismic zone forms a thin (approximately 10 km width), curviplanar arc that strikes east‐west and dips south at its eastern end and then progressively turns by 90° to reach a north‐south strike and a due eastward dip at its southwestern termination. Pamir deep seismicity outlines several streaks at depths between 70 and 240 km, with the deepest events occurring at its southwestern end. Intermediate‐depth earthquakes are clearly separated from shallow crustal seismicity, which is confined to the uppermost 20–25 km. The Hindu Kush seismic zone extends from 40 to 250 km depth and generally strikes east‐west, yet bends northeast, toward the Pamir, at its eastern end. It may be divided vertically into upper and lower parts separated by a gap at approximately 150 km depth. In the upper part, events form a plane that is 15–25 km thick in cross section and dips sub‐vertically north to northwest. Seismic activity is more virile in the lower part, where several distinct clusters form a complex pattern of sub‐parallel planes. The observed geometry could be reconciled either with a model of two‐sided subduction of Eurasian and previously underthrusted Indian continental lithosphere or by a purely Eurasian origin of both Pamir and Hindu Kush seismic zones, which necessitates a contortion and oversteepening of the latter.

Seismic zone

Eurasian Plate

10.1002/jgrb.50128

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Evidence for southward subduction beneath the eastern Pamir constrained by teleseismic converted seismic waves

EGU General Assembly Conference Abstracts (2012)

Felix Schneider Xiaohui Yuan Christian Sippl Bernd Schurr J. Mechie

Seismic Tomography

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Seismic imaging of subduction of continental crust beneath the Pamir

Acta Geologica Sinica - English Edition (2019)

Xiaohui Yuan Bernd Schurr J. Mechie Felix Schneider Christian Sippl

10.1111/1755-6724.13939

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Near-Ultrahigh Pressure Processing of Continental Crust: Miocene Crustal Xenoliths from the Pamir

Journal of Petrology (2005)

Bradley R. Hacker Péter Luffi В. С. Лутков V. Minaev Lothar Ratschbacher

Xenoliths of subducted crustal origin hosted by Miocene ultrapotassic igneous rocks in the southern Pamir provide important new information regarding the geological processes accompanying tectonism during the Indo-Eurasian collision. Four types have been studied: sanidine eclogites (omphacite, garnet, sanidine, quartz, biotite, kyanite), felsic granulites (garnet, quartz, sanidine and kyanite), basaltic eclogites (omphacite and garnet), and a glimmerite (biotite, clinopyroxene and sanidine). Apatite, rutile and carbonate are the most abundant minor phases. Hydrous phases (biotite and phengite in felsic granulites and basaltic eclogites, amphiboles in mafic and sanidine eclogites) and plagioclase form minor inclusions in garnet or kyanite. Solid-phase thermobarometry reveals recrystallization at mainly ultrahigh temperatures of 1000–1100°C and near-ultrahigh pressures of 2·5–2·8 GPa. Textures, parageneses and mineral compositions suggest derivation of the xenoliths from subducted basaltic, tonalitic and pelitic crust that experienced high-pressure dehydration melting, K-rich metasomatism, and solid-state re-equilibration. The timing of these processes is constrained by zircon ages from the xenoliths and 40Ar/39Ar ages of the host volcanic rocks to 57–11 Ma. These xenoliths reveal that deeply subducted crust may undergo extensive dehydration-driven partial melting, density-driven differentiation and disaggregation, and sequestration within the mantle. These processes may also contribute to the alkaline volcanism observed in continent-collision zones.

Sanidine

Xenolith

Felsic

Underplating

10.1093/petrology/egi030

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Cenozoic deep crust in the Pamir

Earth and Planetary Science Letters (2011)

J Schmidt Bradley R. Hacker Lothar Ratschbacher Konstanze Stübner Michael A. Stearns

Staurolite

Dome (geology)

10.1016/j.epsl.2011.10.034

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Evidence for subduction of Asian continental lithosphere under the Pamir from lithospheric imaging

Bernd Schurr Christian Sippl Felix Schneider Sofia‐Katerina Kufner Xiaohui Yuan

1 Deutsches GeoForschungsZentrum – GFZ, Telegrafenberg, 14473 Potsdam, Germany 2 Institut fur Geologie, Technische Universitat Bergakademie Freiberg, 09599 Freiberg, Germany 3 Institute of Geology, Earthquake Engineering and Seismology, Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Tajikistan, Dushanbe 734063, Republic of Tajikistan 4 Central Asian Institute for Applied Geosciences, 720027 Bishkek, Kyrgyz Republic 5 PMP International, 59 Shevchenko St., Dushanbe 734025, Republic of Tajikistan schurr@gfz-potsdam.de

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