L.E. Peña

Ecopetrol (Colombia)

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J. Velasco

Universidad de Oviedo

J. Aristizabal

Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana

Tomas Villamil

Universidad Nacional de Colombia

A. Mantilla

Imperial College London

Nestor S. Meza

Chevron (Netherlands)

Maximiliano Paz

University of Saskatchewan

A. Fajardo

Petroleum of Venezuela (Venezuela)

Pilar Luna

Ecopetrol (Colombia)

O. Silva

Ecopetrol (Colombia)

Javier Sánchez

Ecopetrol (Colombia)

Cooperative Institutions

Ecopetrol (Colombia)

Universidad de Oviedo

Repsol (Spain)

Universidad Nacional de Colombia

University of Houston

Universidad Central "Marta Abreu" de las Villas (UCLV)

Baker Hughes (United States)

Goethe University Frankfurt

A. Alikhanyan National Laboratory

Pacific Environment

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The Effect of Plate Movements in the Northern Region of South America on Tectonics and Sedimentation in the Eastern Llanos Basin

AAPG Bulletin (1993)

L.E. Peña

Sedimentation

10.1306/d9cb6f29-1715-11d7-8645000102c1865d

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Upper Magdalena Valley basin in Colombia has new play potential

Oil & gas journal/Oil and gas journal (1994)

M. P. Maslanyj L.E. Peña

During third quarter 1993 Ecopetrol set in action a strategy to increase exploration investment in Colombia resulting in the first licensing round by competitive tender, which opened for 90 days on April 18, 1994. The Upper Magdalena Valley basin (UMVB), one of three areas set aside for licensing, lies at the head of the Magdalena River between 2--5[degree] N. Lat. The acreage offered consists of 4,900 sq km, some 23% of the total basin area. Historical attention has focused on the Cretaceous Caballos and Monserrate sandstones, but new play potential exists for reservoirs in laterally equivalent facies and at other stratigraphic levels. The paper discusses previous exploration activities, regional geology, geologic structures, petroleum source rocks, the principal reservoirs, sealing mechanisms, geologic traps, play types, trap charge and integrity, and technical merit of the Upper Magdalena Valley basin.

Petroleum reservoir

Fault block

Petroleum geology

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The Gibraltar Case Study, Northern Llanos Foothills, Colombia. Success Of A Complex Technical Business In Complicated Environments

9th Simposio Bolivariano - Exploracion Petrolera en las Cuencas Subandinas (2003)

Tomas Villamil J.M. González Muñoz Javier Sánchez J. Aristizabal J. Velasco

The Gibraltar discovery by Ecopetrol opened a frontier area of significant extent in the previously untested northern Llanos foothills province of the Eastern Cordillera of Colombia. The Gibraltar project when Ecopetrol captured the block had three main objectives and all were accomplished. The first objective was to verify or refute a structural geological model with a sidetrack that would reach the Paleocene Barco Formation and demonstrate the presence of hydrocarbons in the area. Ecopetrol´s hypothesis postulated that the well drilled originally by Occidental penetrated the backlimb of a single stack within a duplex structure in the central region of a triangle zone. This model was proven right after drilling three sidetracks. The Barco tested water with very low percentage of light hydrocarbons. The second purpose was to test presence and quality of hydrocarbons in the Mirador Formation. The original hypothesis was postulated based on a reinterpretation of unconventional petrophysics and unconventional fluids, this hypothesis argued for a missed or bypassed pay case. Tests of the Mirador Formation verified the presence of 57-degree condensate that flowed at a rate of 600 barrels per day and 44 million cubic feet of gas per day, flux restricted by gas separation and storage capacity. The third objective of Gibraltar re-entry was to find commercial hydrocarbons, open a new play, and to increase risk investment in the region. This third objective has not been verified yet but the following characteristics indicate that it is extremely likely that this is the case: the well is 2 km from a main pipeline with capacity, the hydrocarbons are of very good quality; the crest of the structure is at 6,500 feet, the shallowest discovery of the foothills; permeability from tests is of 800 m.d. being the highest of the foothills; finding cost for Ecopetrol was of 7 cents per barrel; finally and most importantly, the discovery was the first in the region.

Foothills

Wellhead

10.3997/2214-4609-pdb.33.paper70

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Petroleum geology of Llanos basin of Colombia

AAPG Bull.; (United States) (1989)

John A. F. Sutherland L.E. Peña Francisco Ruiz Muñoz J.H. Cristancho

The Llanos basin is located in eastern Colombia between the Guyana shield and the Cordillera Oriental, the most easterly branch of the Andes. Currently, the basin produces 224,000 bbl of oil/day from a mixed marine and continental section that ranges in age from Cenomanian to Holocene and reaches over 7500 m in thickness. It is important to realize that until the Pliocene the basin lacked an independent existence; rather, it formed the nearshore sector of a much larger depocenter that opened westward to the Pacific and northward to the Caribbean. The bulk of the oil accumulated in the Llanos was probably generated outside the present basin from a much more extensive marine Cretaceous section that crops out in the Cordillera. Subsurface pressure data indicate that these rocks are now isolated from the Llanos, implying generation and primary migration before the elevation of the Cordillera in the early Pliocene. Oil accumulations are mostly fault controlled and fall into three classes. The giant Cano Limon complex in the north is closed against a lateral fault that appears to be a rejuvenation of a regional pre-Cretaceous normal fault. The central Llanos fields of Casanare are controlled by north-south-trending up-to-the-basin normal faults. The Apiay-Castillamore » fields to the south, a short distance from the mountain front, are located on an anticlinal trend bounded to the east by a high-angle reverse fault that also appears to have had horizontal movement. Oil gravity varies widely, from below 10/degree/ to 40/degree/ API, with most of the reserves in the 30/degree/ API range. However, with very few exceptions and regardless of the gravity, the oil has an abnormally low dissolved-gas content. To date, with relatively low density of drilling, over 1.3 billion bbl of oil have been discovered and prospects for further major discoveries are excellent.« less

Cenomanian

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The effect of plate movements in the northern region of South America on tectonics and sedimentation in the Eastern Llanos Basin

AAPG Bulletin (1993)

L.E. Peña

The geological configuration of the Eastern Llanos pericratonic mega-basin has been directly affected by the overall tectonic regime experienced in the Northern part of South America. Interaction between the Pacific (Cocos), South American and Caribbean Plates generated a regional compressional dextral rotational force expressed as a regional North-South striking structural trend in the southern part of the basin and an east-west striking trend in portion nearest the Caribbean Plate Boundary. Nearly 90% of the strike-slip faults in this northern area show right lateral displacement. The majority of the structures in the East Llanos basin are related to the Late Miocene uplift of the Eastern Andes. Nevertheless we can subdivide the structures into two major groups: pre-Miocene and post-Miocene. By being able to recognize pre-Miocene Cretaceous age structures, much altered by later movements, we can envision remigration of hydrocarbons out of early traps into those created more recently. Plate tectonic events in the north of South America have produced a general regional structure strike directional through time. Sedimentary-tectonic relationships depend upon regional phenomena which, if interpreted correctly, help to sub-divide the mega-basin into genetically related parts. By understanding the mechanism that creates large scale structural features, the geologist is thus providedmore » with an important tool that can aid him in exploring the Eastern Llanos basin.« less

Neogene

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THE GIBRALTAR DISCOVERY, NORTHERN LLANOS FOOTHILLS, COLOMBIA: CASE HISTORY OF AN EXPLORATION SUCCESS IN A FRONTIER AREA

Journal of Petroleum Geology (2004)

Tomas Villamil Josep Antón Muñoz Javier Sánchez J. Aristizabal J. Velasco

Ecopetrol's recent Gibraltar discovery was made in a previously little known area of the northern Llanos foothills of the Eastern Cordillera of Colombia. The structure at Gibraltar is complex and comprises a thrust stack with which are associated hangingwall anticlines providing four-way closures (or three-way against a sealing fault). The Gibraltar-I well was originally drilled by Occidental in 2002. According to Ecopetrol's subsequent structural reinterpretation, this well penetrated the back limb of a fault propagation fold. This structural model was confirmed with a sidetrack well which penetrated the Palaeocene Barco Formation and demonstrated the presence of light hydrocarbons. A second objective of well re-entry at Gibraltar was to investigate the Eocene Mirador Formation, a major reservoir unit elsewhere in the Llanos foothills, in case of missed or bypassed pay. Tests of the Mirador Formation verified the presence of high quality 57° API degree condensate that flowed at a rate of 690 barrels per day together with 44 million cubic feet of rich gas per day. The success at Gibraltar will hopefully encourage further exploration developments in this remote and structurally-complex region.

Foothills

Anticline

10.1111/j.1747-5457.2004.tb00061.x

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