AIM: Estradiol treatment regulates estrogen receptor (ER) level in normal rat liver.However, little information is available concerning the role of estrogen in regulating liver ER in hepatic fibrosis in rats.The present study was conducted to determine whether estradiol treatment in CCl 4 -induced liver fibrosis of female and ovariectomized rats altered liver ERα and its mRNA expression, and to investigate the possible mechanisms. METHODS:Seventy female rats were divided into seven groups with ten rats in each.The ovariectomy groups were initiated with ovariectomies and the sham operation groups were initiated with just sham operations.The CCl 4 toxic fibrosis groups received 400 mL/L CCl 4 subcutaneously at a dose of 2 mL/kg twice weekly.Estrogen groups were treated subcutaneously with estradiol 1 mg/kg, the normal control group and an ovariectomy group received injection of peanut oil vehicle twice weekly.At the end of 8 weeks, all the rats were killed to detect their serum and hepatic indicators, their hepatic collagen content, and liver ER and ER mRNA expression. RESULTS:Estradiol treatment in both ovariectomy and sham ovariectomy groups reduced liver levels of ALT (from 658±220 nkat/L to 311±146 nkat/L and 540±252 nkat/L to 314±163 nkat/L, P<0.05) and AST (from 697±240 nkat/L to 321±121 nkat/L and 631±268 nkat/L to 302±153 nkat/L, P<0.05), increased serum nitric oxide (NO) level (from 53.7±17.1 µmol/L to 93.3±24.2µmol/L and 55.3±23.1 µmol/L to 87.5±23.6 µmol/L, P<0.05) and hepatic nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity (from 1.73±0.71KU/g to 2.49±1.20 KU/g and 1.65±0.46KU/g to 2.68±1.17KU/g, P<0.05), diminished the accumulation of hepatic collagen, decreased centrolobular necrotic areas as well as the inflammatory reaction in rats subjected to CCl 4 .The positive signal of ER and ER mRNA distributed in parenchymal and non-parenchymal hepatic cells, especially near the hepatic centrolobular and periportal areas.Ovariectomy decreased ER level (from 10.2±3.2 to 4.3±1.3)and ER mRNA expression (from 12.8±2.1 to 10.9±1.3)significantly (P<0.05).Hepatic ER and ER mRNA concentrations were elevated after treatment with estradiol in both ovariectomy (15.8±2.4,20.8±3.1) and sham ovariectomy (18.7±3.8,23.1±3.7)fibrotic groups (P<0.05). CONCLUSION:The increase in hepatic ER and mRNA expression may be part of the molecular mechanisms underlying the suppressive effect of estradiol on liver fibrosis induced by CCl 4 administration.

Hepatic fibrosis

10.3748/wjg.v10.i2.250

Cite

Citations (36)

Transformation of tetracycline during chloramination: Kinetics, products and pathways

Chemosphere (2012)

Yi Wan Ai Jia Lezhu Zhou Jianying Hu

Chloramination

10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.09.001

Cite

Citations (48)

Wastewater compounds in urban shallow groundwater wells correspond to exfiltration probabilities of nearby sewers

Water Research (2015)

Do Gyun Lee Patrick R. Roehrdanz Marina Feraud Jared Ervin Tarun Anumol

Sanitary sewer

Outfall

Reclaimed water

Combined sewer

Water well

10.1016/j.watres.2015.08.048

Cite

Citations (46)

In vitro bioassays to evaluate complex chemical mixtures in recycled water

Water Research (2015)

Ai Jia Beate I. Escher Frédéric D.L. Leusch Janet Tang Erik Procházka

10.1016/j.watres.2015.05.020

Cite

Citations (110)

A review of extraction methods for the analysis of pharmaceuticals in environmental waters

Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology (2020)

Kevin D. Daniels Minkyu Park Zhenzhen Huang Ai Jia Guillermo S. Flores

Pharmaceuticals play a vital role in the prosperity of human and veterinarian health by diagnosing, treating, or preventing diseases. Produced in large quantities for various applications, pharmaceuticals primarily enter the environment through wastewater systems. Historically, the ability to detect pharmaceuticals in environmental waters has been limited. However, growing technological advancements are changing pharmaceutical detection capabilities and our understanding of their occurrence in environmental waters. The analysis of pharmaceuticals in the environment began with simple gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and evolved to using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry as the dominant method. Many of these methods require sample extraction, with solid phase extraction (SPE) being the most popular. Additionally, miniaturized and on-line extraction procedures have also attracted a lot of attention. Nevertheless, approaches involving large volume injections without the need for sample enrichment have made significant strides in recent years. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of extraction methods for environmental water samples containing trace levels of pharmaceuticals and how current applications will mold how they are analyzed in the future.

Solid phase extraction

Sample Preparation

Prosperity

Environmental Analysis

10.1080/10643389.2019.1705723

Cite

Citations (30)