B. Voight

Pennsylvania State University

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Derek Elsworth

Pennsylvania State University

R. S. J. Sparks

University of Bristol

G. S. Mattioli

The University of Texas at Arlington

A. B. Clarke

Arizona State University

Christina Widiwijayanti

Earth Observatory of Singapore

E. Shalev

Duke University

D. Hidayat

Politeknik STMI Jakarta

P. E. Malin

Applied Spectral Imaging (United States)

Richard A. Herd

University of East Anglia

Augusto Neri

Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia

Cooperative Institutions

Montserrat Volcano Observatory

United States Geological Survey

Pennsylvania State University

University of Bristol

Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique

University of Cambridge

Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia

Cascades Volcano Observatory

British Geological Survey

University of the West Indies

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A method for prediction of volcanic eruptions

Nature (1988)

B. Voight

Earthquake prediction

10.1038/332125a0

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Citations (536)

Small-volume, highly mobile pyroclastic flows formed by rapid sedimentation from pyroclastic surges at Soufrière Hills Volcano, Montserrat: an important volcanic hazard

Geological Society London Memoirs (2002)

T. H. Druitt Eliza S. Calder Paul Cole Richard P. Hoblitt Susan Loughlin

Abstract Gravitational collapses of the lava dome at Soufrière Hills Volcano on 25 June and 26 December 1997 generated pyroclastic surges that spread out over broad sectors of the landscape and laid down thin, bipartite deposits. In each case, part of the settling material continued to move upon reaching the ground and drained into valleys as high-concentration granular flows of hot (120-410°C) ash and lapilli. These surge-derived pyroclastic flows travelled at no more than 10 m s -1 but extended significantly beyond the limits of the parent surge clouds (by 3 km on 25 June and by 1 km on 26 December). The front of the 25 June flow terminated in a valley about 50 m below a small town that was occupied at the time. Despite their small deposit volumes (5-9 x 10 4 m 3 ), the surge-derived pyroclastic flows travelled as far as many of the Soufrière Hills block-and-ash flows on slopes as low as a few degrees, reflecting a high degree of mobility. An analysis of the deposits from 26 December suggests that sediment accumulation rates of at least several millimetres per second were sufficient to generate pyroclastic flows by suspended-load fallout from pyroclastic surges on Montserrat. Surge-derived pyroclastic flows are an important, and hitherto underestimated, hazard around active lava domes. At Montserrat they formed by sedimentation over large catchment areas and drained into valleys different from those affected by the primary block-and-ash flows and pyroclastic surges, thereby impacting areas not anticipated to be vulnerable in prior hazards analyses. The deposits are finer-grained than those of other types of pyroclastic flow at Soufrière Hills Volcano; this may aid their recognition in ancient volcanic successions but, along with valley-bottom confinement, reduces the preservation potential.

Sedimentation

Pyroclastic fall

10.1144/gsl.mem.2002.021.01.12

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Citations (100)

Remarkable cyclic ground deformation monitored in real‐time on Montserrat, and its use in eruption forecasting

Geophysical Research Letters (1998)

B. Voight Richard P. Hoblitt A. B. Clarke Andrew B. Lockhart A. D. Miller

Telemetered high‐resolution tiltmeters were installed in Montserrat in summer of 1995, in December 1996, and in May 1997. The 1995 installations, several km from the Soufriere Hills vent, were too distant to yield useful data. However, the 1996 and 1997 installations on the crater rim revealed 6–14 h inflation cycles caused by magma pressurization at shallow depths (< 0.6 km below the base of dome). The tilt data correlated with seismicity, explosions, and pyroclastic flow activity, and were used to forecast times of increased volcanic hazard to protect scientific field workers and the general public.

Tiltmeter

Volcanology

Volcanic hazards

10.1029/98gl01160

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Citations (183)

Stress measurements in Iceland

EOS, Trans., Am. Geophys. Union; (United States) (1976)

Bezalel C. Haimson B. Voight

Hydrofracturing stress measurements were conducted in two boreholes in Quaternary volcanics in Reykjavik, Iceland, on the flank of the Reykjanes-Langjokull continuation of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Four tests were conducted in hole H32 in jointed basalt between 200 and 375m depth. The least compressive stress was horizontal (sigma/sub Hmin/) and varied between 40 to 60 bars. The largest horizontal stress (sigma/sub Hmax/) was approximated at 50 to 100 bars. The direction of sigma/sub Hmax/ based on three fracture impressions was N25/sup 0/W +- 5/sup 0/. The vertical stress (sigma/sub V/) was calculated based on a gradient of 0.27 bars/m. In borehole H18 extensive jointing limited us to only three successful tests. The test at 180m was in basalt; the lower tests at 290 and 324m were in an intrusive dolerite. sigma/sub Hmin/ increased with depth from 40 to 80 bars, sigma/sub Hmax/ varied from 120 to 160 bars, and sigma/sub V/ from 50 to 90 bars. Two contradictory hydrofracture directions were obtained: N20/sup 0/E for the 180m test, and N45/sup 0/W for the 290m test. The ratio of the average horizontal stress to vertical stress was 1.25, as compared to 1.0 for H32. Linear approximations of the data for both holesmore » between 200m and 350m depth give sigma/sub Hmin/ = 0.21 bars/m, sigma/sub Hmax/ = 30 bars + 0.30 bars/m, and sigma/sub V/ = 0.27 bars/m. Measured stress orientation (H32) bears no obvious relationship to the NE strike of individual rift zone fissures and faults, inferred WNW direction of lithospheric plate motion, or axial rift zone earthquake focal solutions which indicate NW-trending sigma/sub Hmin/. The measured stresses could be related to a hot spot, or could reflect local phenomena involving the extinct NNW-trending Kjalarnes central volcano or ground distortion due to fluid withdrawal from Laugarness hydrothermal system.« less

Sigma

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Citations (3)

Continuum simulation of flow failures

Géotechnique (1991)

James Sousa B. Voight

Dynamic aspects of several catastrophic slope failures have been evaluated by unsteady flow modelling, assuming two-dimensional (or quasi-three-dimensional) transient flow of an incompressible biviscous fluid with a free surface. Model parameters comprise two viscosity coefficients and a yield stress term, and qualitatively approximate the Bingham rheology. Equivalent Newtonian fluid modelling was also performed. Parameters were adjusted by trial and error to match observed runout, but additional constraints include estimates of velocity, emplacement time and distribution of debris facies. Where abundantly constrained, as at Ontake, Japan, hindcast analysis indicates that substantial changes in rheology occur as a function of displacement. Thus, constant-property models tend to overestimate the peak velocities and to underestimate the emplacement times. Calibrated model strengths and viscosities were obtained from the hindcast analyses of several slides, and the resulting database enables the modelling approach to be used in the mitigation of problems involving hazardous slopes or landslide dams. At sites where significant lateral spreading is expected to occur, three-dimensional modifications to modelling and to parameter selection may be required. Des aspects dynamiques de plusieurs ruptures catastrophiques de talus ont été évalués à l'aide de modèles d'écoulement irrégulier, en admettant l'écoulement transitoire bidimensionnel (ou quasi-tridimensionnel) d'un fluide bivisqueux incompressible à surface libre. Les paramètres du modèle comprenaient deux coefficients de viscosité et une expression pour la contrainte d'écoulement et se rapprochaient de façon approximative de la rhéologie de Bingham. Un modèle équivalent a été préparé pour un fluide newtonien. Les paramètres furent ajustés par approximations successives pour correspondre au ruissellement observé, mais des facteurs additionnels comprenaient des approximations de la vélocité, du temps d'emplacement et de la distribution des facies des débris. Une analyse rétrospective montra que la présence de plusieurs de ces facteurs, comme à Ontake (Japon), indique que des changements considérables de rhéologie ont lieu en fonction du déplacement. Par conséquent les modèles à propriétés constantes ont une tendance à surestimer les vélocités de pic et de sou-sestimer les temps d'emplacement. Des modeles de résistances et de viscosités ont été étalonnés à partir d'analyses rétrospectives de plusieurs glissements, constituant une base de données permettant l'emploi d'un modèle pour réduire les problèmes qui se posent dans le cas de pentes dangereuses ou de glissements de barrages. Pour les sites où l'on s'attend à une dispersion laterale il sera peut-être nécessaire de soumettre le modèle et la sélection des paramètres à des modifications tridimensionnelles.

Bingham plastic

10.1680/geot.1991.41.4.515

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Citations (69)

Extraction and Analysis of Seismic Body Waves from Ambient Noise for Crustal Imaging on Montserrat, with Implications for Temporal Monitoring

AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts (2009)

L. D. Brown Kensuke Irie B. Voight

Ambient noise level

Seismic Noise

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Citations (2)

Prototype PBO instrumentation of CALIPSO project captures world‐record lava dome collapse on Montserrat Volcano

Eos (2004)

G. S. Mattioli S. R. Young B. Voight R. Steven J. Sparks

This article is an update on the status of an innovative new project designed to enhance generally our understanding of andesitic volcano eruption dynamics and, specifically the monitoring and scientific infrastructure at the active Soufrière Hills Volcano (SHV), Montserrat. The project has been designated as the Caribbean Andesite Lava Island Precision Seismo‐geodetic Observatory known as CALIPSO. Its purpose is to investigate the dynamics of the entire SHV magmatic system using an integrated array of specialized instruments in four strategically located ∼200‐m‐deep boreholes in concert with several shallower holes and surface sites. The project is unique, as it represents the first, and only such borehole volcano‐monitoring array deployed at an andesitic stratovolcano.

Stratovolcano

Lava dome

10.1029/2004eo340001

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Citations (26)

Multiphase-flow numerical modeling of the 18 May 1980 lateral blast at Mount St. Helens, USA

Geology (2011)

Tomaso Esposti Ongaro Christina Widiwijayanti A. B. Clarke B. Voight Augusto Neri

Research Article| June 01, 2011 Multiphase-flow numerical modeling of the 18 May 1980 lateral blast at Mount St. Helens, USA T. Esposti Ongaro; T. Esposti Ongaro 1Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione di Pisa, Via della Faggiola 32, 56126 Pisa, Italy Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar C. Widiwijayanti; C. Widiwijayanti 2Earth Observatory of Singapore, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue N2-01a-14, Singapore 639798 Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar A.B. Clarke; A.B. Clarke 1Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione di Pisa, Via della Faggiola 32, 56126 Pisa, Italy3School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1404, USA Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar B. Voight; B. Voight 4Department of Geosciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA5U.S. Geological Survey, Cascades Volcano Observatory, 1300 SE Cardinal Court, Vancouver, Washington 98683, USA Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar A. Neri A. Neri 1Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione di Pisa, Via della Faggiola 32, 56126 Pisa, Italy Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Geology (2011) 39 (6): 535–538. https://doi.org/10.1130/G31865.1 Article history received: 28 Oct 2010 rev-recd: 24 Jan 2011 accepted: 25 Jan 2011 first online: 09 Mar 2017 Cite View This Citation Add to Citation Manager Share Icon Share MailTo Twitter LinkedIn Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Search Site Citation T. Esposti Ongaro, C. Widiwijayanti, A.B. Clarke, B. Voight, A. Neri; Multiphase-flow numerical modeling of the 18 May 1980 lateral blast at Mount St. Helens, USA. Geology 2011;; 39 (6): 535–538. doi: https://doi.org/10.1130/G31865.1 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Refmanager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentBy SocietyGeology Search Advanced Search Abstract Volcanic lateral blasts are among the most spectacular and devastating of natural phenomena, but their dynamics are still poorly understood. Here we investigate the best documented and most controversial blast at Mount St. Helens (Washington State, United States), on 18 May 1980. By means of three-dimensional multiphase numerical simulations we demonstrate that the blast front propagation, final runout, and damage can be explained by the emplacement of an unsteady, stratified pyroclastic density current, controlled by gravity and terrain morphology. Such an interpretation is quantitatively supported by large-scale observations at Mount St. Helens and will influence the definition and predictive mapping of hazards on blast-dangerous volcanoes worldwide. You do not have access to this content, please speak to your institutional administrator if you feel you should have access.

Mount

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10.1130/g31865.1

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Citations (38)

Crystallinity, Petrological, Geochemical Evolution of Explosive Eruptions from Merapi, Java, and Soufriere Hill, Montserrat: A Comparative Investigation

AGUFM (2003)

Supriyati Andreastuti S. Innocenti B. Voight Tanya Furman K. V. Cashman

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Slow rock fracture as eruption precursor at Soufriere Hills Volcano, Montserrat

Geophysical Research Letters (1998)

Christopher R. J. Kilburn B. Voight

Breakout of magmatic activity at Soufriere Hills volcano, Montserrat, was preceded by a tenfold increase in rate of earthquake occurrence. A new model of subcritical rock failure shows that this increase is consistent with the growth, possibly episodic, of the magma conduit at a rate controlled by progressive weakening of the host country rock. The preferred weakening mechanism is stress corrosion, by which circulating juvenile and hydrothermal fluids chemically attack the country rock and promote failure at stresses smaller than the rock's theoretical strength. The results illuminate the potential for slow‐cracking models to enhance eruption forecasts using the inverse‐rate technique combined with traditional monitoring methods.

Breakout

10.1029/98gl01609

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Citations (152)