Inland river ships (IRSs) use diesel with a lower sulfur content and emit relatively low emissions, making it challenging to monitor their emissions. Sniffer monitoring equipment was installed from August 2020 to June 2022 at the Gezhou Dam of the Yangtze River and monitored emissions from 8,238 IRSs passing through the lock. We partnered with the maritime department to select 100 ships passing through the lock to extract fuel oil samples for direct fuel sulfur content (FSC) detection, which determined the actual FSC of the passing ships. The monitoring data from these 100 ships indicated that the relative error of the SO2 emission factors (EFs) and FSC results is significant at the 10-parts-per-million level. The monitoring data from the remaining 8,138 ships showed that the EFs of NO, NO2, PM2.5, and PM10 were 24.02 ± 16.92 g kg−1, 10.30 ± 18.08 g kg−1, 0.72 ± 0.60 g kg−1, and 0.92 ± 0.70 g kg−1, respectively. The NOx EFs of container ships are higher than those of other ship types, while the PM EFs for different ship types do not significantly differ. Based on these EFs, we calculated the average emission rates for different types of ships passing through locks, which is a real-time measurement method for estimating ship emissions. In addition, a comparison of ship EF measurements over the past 20 years revealed that EF values for SO2, NOx, and PM exhibited a downward trend, with the calculated results of the current study determined to be the lowest numerical level.
The 12 May 2008 Wenchuan earthquake (M s =8.0) struck on the Longmen Shan foreland thrust zone.The event took place within the context of long-term uplift of the Longmen Shan range as a result of the extensive eastward-extrusion of crustal materials from the Tibetan plateau against the rheologically strong crust of the Sichuan Basin.The Longmen Shan range is characterized by a Pre-Sinian crystalline complex constrained by the Maoxian-Wenchuan-Kangding ductile detachment at the western margin and the Yingxiu-Beichuan-Luding ductile thrust at the eastern margin.The Longmen Shan uplift was initiated by intracontinental subduction between the Songpan-Ganzi terrane and the Yangtze block during the Pre-Cenozoic.The uplift rate was increased considerably by the collision between the Indian and Eurasian plates since ~50 Ma.The Wenchuan earthquake resulted in two major NE-striking coseismic ruptures (i.e., the ~275 km long Yingxiu-Beichuan-Qingchuan fault and the ~100 km long Anxian-Guanxian fault).Field investigations combined with focal solutions and seismic reflection profiles suggest that the coseismic ruptures are steeply dipping close-topure reverse or right reverse oblique slip faults in the ~15 km thick upper crust.These faults are unfavorably oriented for frictional slip in the horizontally compressional regime, so that they need a long recurrence interval to accumulate the tectonic stress and fluid pressure to critically high levels for the formation of strong earthquakes at a given locality.It is also found that all the large earthquakes (M s >7.0) occurred in the fault zones across which the horizontal movement velocities measured by the GPS are markedly low (<3 mm/yr).The faults, which constitute the northeastern fronts of the enlarging Tibetan plateau against the strong Sichuan Basin, Ala Shan and Ordos blocks, are very destructive, although their average recurrence intervals are generally long.
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