Paweł Krzemiński

Norwegian Institute for Water Research

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Jules B. van Lier

IHE Delft Institute for Water Education

J.H.J.M. van der Graaf

Delft University of Technology

Ilse Smets

KU Leuven

Carsten Ulrich Schwermer

Norwegian Institute for Water Research

Joanna Surmacz‐Górska

Silesian University of Technology

Jan Van Impe

KU Leuven

Christian Vogelsang

Norwegian Institute for Water Research

Despo Fatta‐Kassinos

University of Cyprus

Rob Van den Broeck

KU Leuven

José Antonio Gil

Delft University of Technology

Cooperative Institutions

Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique

Norwegian Institute for Water Research

Delft University of Technology

Universidade do Porto

Silesian University of Technology

University of Almería

National Research Council

Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo

Catalan Institute for Water Research

KU Leuven

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Membrane bioreactors – A review on recent developments in energy reduction, fouling control, novel configurations, LCA and market prospects

Journal of Membrane Science (2016)

Paweł Krzemiński Lance Leverette Simos Malamis Evina Katsou

Market Penetration

Membrane bioreactor

Membrane Fouling

10.1016/j.memsci.2016.12.010

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Citations (393)

Management of Urban Waters with Nature-Based Solutions in Circular Cities—Exemplified through Seven Urban Circularity Challenges

Water (2021)

Hasan Volkan Oral Matej Radinja Anacleto Rizzo Katharina Kearney Theis Raaschou Andersen

Nature-Based Solutions (NBS) have been proven to effectively mitigate and solve resource depletion and climate-related challenges in urban areas. The COST (Cooperation in Science and Technology) Action CA17133 entitled “Implementing nature-based solutions (NBS) for building a resourceful circular city” has established seven urban circularity challenges (UCC) that can be addressed effectively with NBS. This paper presents the outcomes of five elucidation workshops with more than 20 European experts from different backgrounds. These international workshops were used to examine the effectiveness of NBS to address UCC and foster NBS implementation towards circular urban water management. A major outcome was the identification of the two most relevant challenges for water resources in urban areas: ‘Restoring and maintaining the water cycle’ (UCC1) and ‘Water and waste treatment, recovery, and reuse’ (UCC2). s Moreover, significant synergies with ‘Nutrient recovery and reuse’, ‘Material recovery and reuse’, ‘Food and biomass production’, ‘Energy efficiency and recovery’, and ‘Building system recovery’ were identified. Additionally, the paper presents real-life case studies to demonstrate how different NBS and supporting units can contribute to the UCC. Finally, a case-based semi-quantitative assessment of the presented NBS was performed. Most notably, this paper identifies the most typically employed NBS that enable processes for UCC1 and UCC2. While current consensus is well established by experts in individual NBS, we presently highlight the potential to address UCC by combining different NBS and synergize enabling processes. This study presents a new paradigm and aims to enhance awareness on the ability of NBS to solve multiple urban circularity issues.

Circular Economy

Resource Efficiency

Identification

10.3390/w13233334

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Citations (66)

Natural organic matter fractions and their removal in full-scale drinking water treatment under cold climate conditions in Nordic capitals

Journal of Environmental Management (2019)

Paweł Krzemiński Christian Vogelsang Thomas Meyn Stephan Jürgen Köhler H. Poutanen

Drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs) designed to remove natural organic matter (NOM) are challenged as concentrations of NOM in raw waters are increasing. Here, we assess seasonal differences in NOM quality and quantity, from raw waters to the distribution network, at three large DWTPs in Oslo, Stockholm and Helsinki. Samples, collected during stable stratification in both winter and summer and during the autumnal turnover, were analysed for NOM concentrations and composition. The NOM was characterized by common routine parameters, size and content (TFF, LC-OCD, fluorescence) and biodegradability. The NOM concentration decreased to 2.5 mg/L (55%), 4.0 mg/L (48%) and 5.7 mg/L (76%) at the respective DWTPs in Oslo, Stockholm and Helsinki. The NOM in raw waters were predominantly in the largest size fraction (>50 kDa), in particular from Oslo. High MW fractions >50 kDa and humics remained the largest fractions with minimum 30% and maximum 80% of the total NOM. The BDOC in treated water <0.3 mg/L and the conditions in the distribution network imply low probability for bacteria regrowth. The multi-step treatment consisting of coagulation/flocculation, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, ozonation and biological activated carbon filtration (BAC) was most effective in removing NOM. Coagulation/flocculation followed by sedimentation and sand filtration were critical, especially for the removal of biopolymers and humics, and somewhat for building blocks. The sand filtration provided up to 25% additional removal of biopolymers and below 7% removal of other fractions. The ozonation and BAC was more effective and removed 11% of biopolymers, and about 35% of building blocks and LMW neutrals.

Natural Organic Matter

Filtration (mathematics)

Sedimentation

Raw water

Fraction (chemistry)

10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.02.024

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Citations (57)

Selection of indicator contaminants of emerging concern when reusing reclaimed water for irrigation — A proposed methodology

The Science of The Total Environment (2023)

Paola Verlicchi Vittoria Grillini Engracia Lacasa Edward Archer Paweł Krzemiński

Organic and microbial contaminants of emerging concern (CECs), even though not yet regulated, are of great concern in reclaimed water reuse projects. Due to the large number of CECs and their different characteristics, it is useful to include only a limited number of them in monitoring programs. The selection of the most representative CECs is still a current and open question. This study presents a new methodology for this scope, in particular for the evaluation of the performance of a polishing treatment and the assessment of the risk for the environment and the irrigated crops. As to organic CECs, the methodology is based on four criteria (occurrence, persistence, bioaccumulation and toxicity) expressed in terms of surrogates (respectively, concentrations in the secondary effluent, removal achieved in conventional activated sludge systems, Log Kow and predicted-no-effect concentration). It consists of: (i) development of a dataset including the CECs found in the secondary effluent, together with the corresponding values of surrogates found in the literature or by in-field investigations; (ii) normalization step with the assignment of a score between 1 (low environmental impact) and 5 (high environmental impact) to the different criteria based on threshold values set according to the literature and experts' judgement; (iii) CEC ranking according to their final score obtained as the sum of the specific scores; and (iv) selection of the representative CECs for the different needs. Regarding microbial CECs, the selection is based on their occurrence and their highest detection frequency in the secondary effluent and in the receiving water, the antibiotic consumption patterns, and recommendations by national and international organisations. The methodology was applied within the ongoing reuse project SERPIC resulting in a list of 30 indicator CECs, including amoxicillin, bisphenol A, ciprofloxacin, diclofenac, erythromycin, ibuprofen, iopromide, perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), sulfamethoxazole, tetracycline, Escherichia coli, faecal coliform, 16S rRNA, sul1, and sul2.

Reclaimed water

Normalization

10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162359

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Citations (26)

Best available technologies and treatment trains to address current challenges in urban wastewater reuse for irrigation of crops in EU countries

The Science of The Total Environment (2019)

Luigi Rizzo Wolfgang Gernjak Paweł Krzemiński S. Malato Christa S. McArdell

Wastewater Reuse

European commission

Toilet

10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.136312

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Citations (240)

MLSS concentration: Still a poorly understood parameter in MBR filterability

Desalination (2009)

Maria Lousada-Ferreira S. Geilvoet Adrien Moreau Elif Atasoy Paweł Krzemiński

Membrane bioreactor

Dilution

Filtration (mathematics)

10.1016/j.desal.2009.09.036

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Citations (63)

A global multinational survey of cefotaxime-resistant coliforms in urban wastewater treatment plants

Environment International (2020)

R Marano Telma Fernandes Célia M. Manaia Olga C. Nunes Donald A. Morrison

The World Health Organization Global Action Plan recommends integrated surveillance programs as crucial strategies for monitoring antibiotic resistance. Although several national surveillance programs are in place for clinical and veterinary settings, no such schemes exist for monitoring antibiotic-resistant bacteria in the environment. In this transnational study, we developed, validated, and tested a low-cost surveillance and easy to implement approach to evaluate antibiotic resistance in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) by targeting cefotaxime-resistant (CTX-R) coliforms as indicators. The rationale for this approach was: i) coliform quantification methods are internationally accepted as indicators of fecal contamination in recreational waters and are therefore routinely applied in analytical labs; ii) CTX-R coliforms are clinically relevant, associated with extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs), and are rare in pristine environments. We analyzed 57 WWTPs in 22 countries across Europe, Asia, Africa, Australia, and North America. CTX-R coliforms were ubiquitous in raw sewage and their relative abundance varied significantly (<0.1% to 38.3%), being positively correlated (p < 0.001) with regional atmospheric temperatures. Although most WWTPs removed large proportions of CTX-R coliforms, loads over 103 colony-forming units per mL were occasionally observed in final effluents. We demonstrate that CTX-R coliform monitoring is a feasible and affordable approach to assess wastewater antibiotic resistance status.

10.1016/j.envint.2020.106035

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Citations (75)

Activated sludge characteristics affecting sludge filterability in municipal and industrial MBRs: Unraveling correlations using multi-component regression analysis

Journal of Membrane Science (2011)

Rob Van den Broeck Paweł Krzemiński Jan Van Impe Geert Gins Maria Lousada-Ferreira

Filtration (mathematics)

Membrane Fouling

Membrane bioreactor

10.1016/j.memsci.2011.05.010

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Citations (64)

Impact of temperature on raw wastewater composition and activated sludge filterability in full-scale MBR systems for municipal sewage treatment

Journal of Membrane Science (2012)

Paweł Krzemiński Ángela Iglesias-Obelleiro G. Madebo J.M. Garrido J.H.J.M. van der Graaf

Respirometry

Sewage sludge

10.1016/j.memsci.2012.08.032

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Citations (110)

Nature-Based Units as Building Blocks for Resource Recovery Systems in Cities

Water (2021)

Eric D. van Hullebusch Aïda Bani Miguel M. Carvalho Zeynep Çetecioğlu Bart De Gusseme

Cities are producers of high quantities of secondary liquid and solid streams that are still poorly utilized within urban systems. In order to tackle this issue, there has been an ever-growing push for more efficient resource management and waste prevention in urban areas, following the concept of a circular economy. This review paper provides a characterization of urban solid and liquid resource flows (including water, nutrients, metals, potential energy, and organics), which pass through selected nature-based solutions (NBS) and supporting units (SU), expanding on that characterization through the study of existing cases. In particular, this paper presents the currently implemented NBS units for resource recovery, the applicable solid and liquid urban waste streams and the SU dedicated to increasing the quality and minimizing hazards of specific streams at the source level (e.g., concentrated fertilizers, disinfected recovered products). The recovery efficiency of systems, where NBS and SU are combined, operated at a micro- or meso-scale and applied at technology readiness levels higher than 5, is reviewed. The importance of collection and transport infrastructure, treatment and recovery technology, and (urban) agricultural or urban green reuse on the quantity and quality of input and output materials are discussed, also regarding the current main circularity and application challenges.

Resource Recovery

Circular Economy

Resource Efficiency

10.3390/w13223153

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Citations (19)