The middle Ordovician brachiopod faunas of Kazakhstan provide one of the most complete records of the evolution and radiation of some of the oldest known spire‐bearing brachiopods. By contrast with North American faunas, Kazakhstanian atrypide taxa mostly belong to the suborders Atrypidina and Lissatrypidina, whereas the suborder Anazygidina is completely absent. Kazakhstanian species referred previously to Zygospira Kuzgunia are reassigned to Sulcatospira , which appeared in the Caradoc Diplograptus multidens Climacograptus clingani biozones ( Sulcatospira ? praecursor and Sulcatospira prima sp. nov.). Primitive, and possibly the oldest known Athyridida also appeared in Kazakhstan sometime during the Caradoc ( Kellerella misiusi sp. nov.) and became widespread in brachiopod assemblages developed in carbonate mud mounds. Phylogenetic analysis suggests the early divergence of the Anazygidina, Atrypidina and Athyridida, which probably evolved independently from various primitive smooth Lissatrypidina. The new atrypide subfamily Pectenospirinae and two new atrypide genera ( Rozmanospira gen. nov. and Pectenospira gen. nov. with P. pectenata sp. nov. as type species) are erected.
The rostroconch mollusc Eopteria aiteneria sp. nov. is described from the Late Ordovician Angrensor Formation of north-eastern Central Kazakhstan; it is the first and only known representative of this group from the Ordovician of central Asia. By the beginning of the Late Ordovician Eopteria and the family Eopteriidae were on the verge of extinction and the new Kazakhstan species represents the youngest preserved record of the family in the Ordovician. It is likely that the group found a refuge in the diverse, but rather conservative, faunal assemblage of the Hiberno-Salairian type associated with Late Ordovician carbonate algal build-ups and mud mounds which spread widely during the late Caradoc to mid Ashgill across Kazakhstanian volcanic island arcs and microplates.
Abstract Late Ordovician (late Caradoc to early Ashgill) brachiopods are described from a carbonate mound within the Dulankara Regional Stage, northern Betpak‐Dala Desert, central Kazakhstan. The described fauna represents a part of a diverse Hiberno‐Salairian brachiopod assemblage, including three species of Ungulate brachiopods and nine species of articulate brachiopods. Two new early athyridide genera and species, Kellerella ditissima and Nikolaispira rasilis, are described along with four other new species of articulate brachiopods, Ptychopleurella aleksandrovae, Parastrophina tersa, Parastrophinella portentosa, Rostricellula sarysuica. Parastrophina angulosa nucula subsp. nov. represents a geographic variety of a species previously known from the Late Ordovician Boda Limestone of Sweden. The whole fauna is tabulated. Nikitin, I.F., Popov, L.E. & Holmer, L.E., 1996: Late Ordovician bra‐chiopod assemblage of Hiberno‐Salairian type from Central Kazakhstan. GFF, Vol. 118 (Pt. 2, June), pp. 83–96. Stockholm. ISSN 1103–5897.
Synopsis 13Introduction 13Outline of geology and fossil localities 14Faunal Associations 22Overall palaeoecology 26Systematic palaeontology 27Linguloidea 28Discinoidea 28Siphonotretoidea 30Craniopsoidea 30Strophomenoidea 30Plectambonitoidea 38Chilidiopsoidea 53Triplesioidea 53Protorthoidea 58Orthoidea 58Plectorthoidea 61Enteletoidea 64Camarelloidea 64Rhynchotrematoidea 74Lissatrypoidea 76Meristelloidea 76Acknowledgments 77References 77The brachiopod fauna from the Anderken Formation (Lower to Middle Caradoc) of the Chu-Ili Range, south-eastern Kazakhstan, is revised and described systematically. It consists of 62 species in 55 genera, of which the genera Tesikella, Olgambonites and Zhilgyzambonites (all Plectambonitoidea) and Ilistrophina (Camarelloidea) are new, and the species Bellimurina (Bellimurina) sarytumensis, Teratelasmella chugaevae, Foliomena prisca, Acculina kulanketpesica, Dulankarella larga, Kajnaria rugosa, Anoptambonites convexus, Olgambonites insolita, Zhilgyzambonites extenuata, Gacella institata, Placotriplesia spissa, Grammoplecia wrighti, Dolerorthis pristina, Austinella sarybulakensis, Plectorthis? burultasica, Bowanorthis? devexa, Pionodema opima, Parastrophina iliana, Ilistrophina tesikensis, Liostrophia pravula, Plectosyntrophia unicostata, Rhynchotrema akchokense and Nikolaispira guttula are new. Six brachiopod-dominated assemblages are recognised and defined, termed the Ectenoglossa, Tesikella, Mabella–Sowerbyella, Acculina–Dulankarella, Parastrophina–Kellerella and Zhilgyzambonites–Foliomena Associations. The relationships with contemporary faunas are assessed, and the Anderken brachiopods appear to have much in common with those of north-west China.
Brachiopods from the Otar Member (upper Caradoc) of the Dulankara Formation, Kazakhstan, are revised. Twenty‐one species are represented of which the orthoid genus Bokotorthis and strophomenoid genus Karomena are new. New species are Phaceloorthis reconditaPlaesiomys fidelisAnoptambonites kovalevskii, Karomena squalidaDzhebaglina plicata. Three ecological associations are identified, the Altaethyrella‐Nalivkinia (Pronalivkinia) Association, the Ctenodonta‐Sowerbyella Association and the Dinorthis Association, all living in shallow‐water (BA2) environments. The fauna shows closest affinity with South China, but contains two genera only known elsewhere from Australia.
A medium−diversity fauna of late Ordovician rhynchonelliformean brachiopods occurs in the Tauken Formation (upper Caradoc–lowermost Ashgill) of north Central Kazakhstan. It demonstrates close similarity to the approximately contem− poraneous faunas characteristic of shallow clastic shelves (BA 2–3) of the Chingiz and Chu−Ili ranges (both in Kazakhstan) and South China, but is characterized by a high proportion of endemic new species, including Tetra− phalerella bestiubensis sp. nov., Glyptomena kaskolica sp. nov., Dinorthis taukensis sp. nov., Rhynchotrema seletensis sp. nov., and Nalivkinia (Pronalivkinia) zvontsovi sp. nov. The abundance of Rhynchotrema is somewhat unusual by com− parison with faunas from other Kazakhstanian terranes, where rhynchonellides of the family Ancistrorhynchidae are usu− ally dominant in near−shore biofacies. The occurrence of the atrypides Sulcatospira and early Nalivkinia demonstrates a clear biogeographical linkage with approximately contemporaneous faunas of South China.
Ten species of strophomenid and triplesiid brachiopods are described from the Late Ordovician (late Caradoc to early Ashgill) Dulankara Regional Stage of Central Kazakhstan. They represent part of a diverse brachiopod assemblage, which was discovered in the top of a carbonate mound in the northern Betpak-Dala Desert. This brachiopod assemblage includes mostly genera not recorded previously from contemporaneous deposits in Kazakhstan, although they may be related to the long-lived lineages which appeared in the area during Llanvirn or Llandeilo. New taxa are: the plectambonitoids Bandaleta plana gen. et sp. nov., Shlyginia perplexa sp. nov., Sortanella quinquecostata gen. et sp. nov., Anoptambonites subcarinatus sp. nov., Anisopleurella ampla sp. nov., Craspedelia roomusoksi sp. nov., and triplesioid Triplesia sortanensis sp. nov.
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