Over 300 active faults intersect the Earth's surface in the Houston metropolitan area on the northern edge of the Gulf of Mexico basin. These surface faults have caused damage to roads, pipelines, and buildings. We used light detection and ranging (lidar) data to more accurately map faults in the Houston area. We developed a grid-refinement algorithm for processing the raw data to generate a 1.5-m–resolution digital elevation model (DEM). The refined grids allowed for better spatial resolution of the scarps and in some cases revealed features that were not noticed on the original DEM. Hillshading proved the best method for identifying faults that were then examined in the field. Most of these faults are part of a larger, regional, down-to-the-basin fault system along the northern Gulf of Mexico; this work complements studies of Houston and Gulf Coast neotectonics.
Summary The Lower Cretaceous Thamama Group is one of the most productive group of formations in the Middle East, containing large hydrocarbon accumulations. Thamama Group deposited along a gently sloping carbonate platform, is a thick sequence of limestone and dolomite with minor shales, with alternating reservoir and tight zones. The reservoir characterization study encompassed classification of Thamama A-H zones and Habshan zones. As most of the Thamama reservoirs were beyond seismic resolution, Pre-stack High-Resolution Geostatistical inversion (Stochastic inversion) was performed after the deterministic AVO Pre-stack Inversion, in order to improve the understanding of heterogeneities and vertical/lateral correlation of reservoir properties (e.g. Porosity) in areas of interest under sub-seismic scales. Geostatistical inversion could successfully separate out the thick reservoirs as well as the thin reservoirs, and capture the uncertainty associated in the model. Multiple realizations were output and the P10, P50 and P90 cases can be used as separate volume scenarios. The rock physics model predicted porosity with high confidence, using acoustic impedance and Vp/Vs. The model, generated from 31 wells, was validated using ∼600 wells and showed a good match with the well porosity.
The Mula River Basin is in an active tectonic region of the Kirthar fold fault belt in the Western Himalayas. The presence of numerous major faults like Chaman Fault, Kirthar Frontal Fault, and Bannh Fault near the study suggests complex tectonic processes in the region. The seismic record of the study area also indicates that this area is tectonically active. This makes the study area an ideal site to measure tectonic activity through geomorphic indices like hypsometric integrals (HI). For tectonic analysis of the Mula River Basin, we divided the study area into 309 subbasins. The results obtained from the HI calculations for the subbasins led us to the classification of the study area into three classes, i.e., class 1 (0.51–0.78), class 2 (0.37–0.50), and class 3 ([Formula: see text]), where class 1 is for the highest tectonic activity, class 2 responds to moderate, and class 3 is for the lowest tectonic activity. We calculated the hypsometric curves to understand the geomorphological cycle of the Mula River Basin. We quantified the subbasins of the Mula River Basin inside the highly active tectonic zone of Kirthar fold and fault zone as per their tectonic activity and found that a major portion of the study area indicates low tectonic activity (44.33%), medium tectonically active, and high tectonically active subbasins are 37.86% and 17.79%, respectively. These findings are supported by the presence of high-relief areas and known faults in the study area.
This repository contains the dataset of a paper titled: "Geophysical Investigation of a Granite Exfoliation Dome: Enchanted Rock, Texas". This data was made possible in collaboration with the University of Houston - Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences and the summer Geophysical Field Camps of 2018 and 2019. Special thanks to the staff of the Enchanted Rock State Natural Area for granting survey access to the site.
The Craters of the Moon (COM) lava field has a multiple eruptive history. Burial of older flows has resulted in complex subsurface stratigraphy. For the older eruptive periods, the locations of source vents and the extension of lava flows are either speculative or unknown, because they are buried under more recent pyroclastics. In this study, we used surface and subsurface backscatter characteristics of the P- and L-band polarimetric airborne synthetic aperture radar (AIRSAR) data and ground-penetrating radar (GPR) soundings to resolve different exposed and buried lava flows. Our primary objective is to define the most effective polarization and frequency for mapping, resolving, and characterizing different lava types in the volcanic field. Polarimetric analysis of AIRSAR images from COM allows a clear recognition of the aa and pahoehoe lava types as a result of the variability in their roughness. Our results suggest that the HV cross-polarized, AIRSAR L-band is capable of producing a detailed map delineating surface lava with different surface backscattering properties. An accuracy assessment utilizing the geological map of the Inferno Cone area was performed to quantify the reliability of differentiating lava types and mapping the lava flows extension below loose pyroclastics using AIRSAR data. Results shows an ability of P-band SAR to map buried structures up to 3 meters deep under loose cinder and ash deposits, resolving buried fissures, outcrops, and lava flows that were validated with ground-truth GPR surveys. The techniques used in this study provide a tool to assess volcanic hazards in remote and inaccessible places. Also it could be an aid in the study of other planets and planetary bodies in the solar system.
Ground-based hyperspectral imaging is useful for geologic mapping because of its high spectral and spatial resolutions at a millimeter to centimeter scale. We have used hyperspectral and terrestrial laser scanner (TLS) data collected in close range to a roadcut near Jane, Missouri, that contains a subvertical outcrop of Lower Mississippian limestone. The outcrop consists of the Compton, Northview, and Pierson Formations, which we evaluated for facies heterogeneity. The sequence near Jane, Missouri, was deposited in shelf margin with high-frequency sea-level fluctuations. These fluctuations introduced lithologic and geometric heterogeneity to the facies, and debris flows brought in carbonate mounds referred to as outrunner blocks. These are important to interpret accurately because of their equivocal depositional origin, which is highly debated by previous workers. We combined hyperspectral data with TLS for an integrated spatial analysis of geometric and compositional variations in facies by accurate, point cloud-registered mineralogical mapping. We mapped several carbonate facies based on spectral signatures of calcite, silt, and clay particles and distinguished pure limestone outrunner blocks from surrounding mud-prone limestone facies with various proportions of silt and clay (a total of approximately 60%). By tracing the classified facies from combined hyperspectral and TLS imagery, we produced a lithostratigraphic framework, which indicates rapid changes in lithology and the presence of shale baffles that vary the character of the Compton through Pierson interval and contribute to heterogeneity in this outcrop. The data suggest a lower energy depositional environment and support the hypothesis of transported outrunner blocks in a distally steepened ramp system. The information that we have evaluated in our study could help to explain reservoir heterogeneity in equivalent carbonate fields.