Calcareous nannoplankton zones in Palaeogene of the Western Polish Carpathians
W paleogenie polskich Karpat Zachodnich wyrozniono 7 poziomow nannoplanktonu i przeprowadzono ich korelacje z stratygrafią opartą na otwornicach. W cześci systematycznej podano opisy wystepujących gatunkow.
In the present paper the stratigraphic position of nannoplankton zones in the Western Polish Carpathians is discussed. In order to make possible the correlation of the nannoplankton zones with the stratigraphy based on Foraminifera the samples used in the present study were collected at localities from which Foraminifera assemblages were described. For detailed lists of species and discussion of the established age the reader is refrred to the bibliography given for each locality. In the case of unpublished data the most important species are cited in the polish text. If not stated otherwise these Foraminifera were identified by doc. dr S. Geroch.
Pizolity z jaskin kubanskich
Pisoliths in Cuban caves are found in two separate environments, distinguished on the basis of differences in the conditions of formation of the pisoliths: 1) flat bottom of caves (pisolithic fields), and 2) small-scale depressions. These differences are recorded in the internal structure and shape of the pisoliths. The pisoli'ths in pisolithic fields are formed during seasonal flooding of the Cave floor. The fields comprise thick, uncemented layers of pisoliths covering considerable areas of the flat cave floor. The pisoliths are characterized by absence of evidence of abrasion, predominance of spheroidal forms, smaller bulk specific gravity, absence of aphanitic calcite, and inconspicuous recrystallization. The pisoliths in small-scale depressions may be formed either completely or only partially immersed in water. They are characterized by diversity in shape, ubiquitous evidence of abrasion, larger bulk specific gravity, aphanitic primary laminae, and common evidence of recrystallization.
Cementatory structures in the Mietusia Cave
Autorowie opisują utwory znalezione na powierzchni namuliska w jednym z korytarzy jaskini Mietusiej. Powstaly one w wyniku erozji namuliska, w ktorym tkwily cementacyjne konkrecje wapienne.
The autors describe cementatory structures found on the silt floor in one of the galleries of the Mietusia Cave (Tatra Mountains, Poland) The structures in question were formed by erosion of the silt filling the gallery and containing limy concrections.
Sandstone whirl-balls in the silts of the Carpathian-Flysch
Autorowie opisują elipsoidalne i wrzecionowate bryly piaskowcow w lupkach warstw przejściowych od menilitow do warstw krościenskich. Zdaniem autorow geneza tych form wiąze sie z dzialaniem wirow zawiesinowych.
This paper deals with the isolated sandstone balls found in the Eocene silts of the Carpathian Flysch. According to the proposed hypothesis these bodies were produced by vortices developed in mud-flows.
Sekwencje litologiczne w utworach Gornośląskiego Zaglebia Weglowego
Vertical lithologic variability of the three chosen coal-bearing lithostratigraphic units was investigated using Markov chain analysis on the data from six deep boreholes. The relatively coarsest deposits appear randomly and initiate the sequences in path diagrams in all three units. In the Mudstone Series (deposits of an alluvial plain of meandering rivers) all lithologies are connected by transition paths and constitute one sequence. In the Poruba Beds (deposits of an alluvial plain and subordinately of mixed continental-marine environments) and in the Łaziska Beds (dominated by deposits of braided-rivers alluvial plain) also structureless fine-grained deposits appear randomly and have upwards transitions into rooty layers and coal. Thus two independent subsequences are distinguishable in these units: the „barren” (fining-up wards) and the „coal-bearing” ones. The position of the relatively coarsest clastics in the paths diagrams is interpreted chiefly as a result of river channel shifting and is related to intrabasinal factors. The occurrence of independent coal-bearing suhsequences is attributed to the intervention of extrabasinal factors.
The fossil cave ooids have first been reported from splash cups occurring in several horizons of alternating flowstone and sandy layers filling a Tertiary karst shaft at Pogorzyce, Cracow Upland. The study of the internal structure of the ooids shows the concentric laminae being primary, and the radial structure resulting from wet recrystallization.
Fast-growing poplar trees from plantations are the source of inexpensive wood that is intended mainly for chemical processing in the pulp and paper industry. Their potential as raw material for biofuel manufacturing is widely discussed as well. The detailed chemical composition of this raw material is therefore an important question. Five species of poplars were investigated: Populus alba, P. maximowiczii, P. trichocarpa, P. nigra, and P. tremula. Wood is a material consisting mainly of lignocellulose, but there are also many extractives. In temperate zone climate they typically represent up to 5% of wood mass. Their identification is difficult, due to various classes of compounds and great number of individual ones. These compounds can affect the properties of wood—its resistance to biotic agents and suitability to enzymatic treatment towards biofuels. Gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometer (GC-MS) was used to analysis of extractives in various species of poplar wood. Compounds from several classes were identified like phenols, fatty acids, and their derivatives, sterols. Their identification was discussed along with estimation of their content in wood of investigated species.
This paper presents the results of research on the effect of essential oils and ethanol extracts on the growth of mold fungi on Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) wood. The analysis of fungal growth on the microbial medium showed that the degree of inhibition of microorganism growth depends on the amount of the extract added to the medium. At the same time, it was found that the highest dose of the extract, amounting to 5.0 cm3, almost completely inhibited the growth of fungi. In addition, it was found that mint ethanol extracts, the application of which in the wood is at least 40 g/m2, have a fungistatic effect at the initial stage of fungal development. Solutions of essential oils turned out to be more active against fungi, although also in this case the desired biocidal effect was not achieved. Essential oils significantly slowed down the growth of the fungus Ch. globosum, with the strongest fungistatic effect found for ‘Morocco’ spearmint oil (Mentha spicata L.). Despite the fact that in tests on agar-maltose medium, the strongest biocidal activity against Ch. globosum was found for spearmint ‘Crispa’ (Mentha spicata L.) oil, the effect of growth inhibition was not so clearly visible in studies on wood. Essential oils applied to the surface of the wood slowed down the growth of T. viride fungus, but not to the extent that it was found in the case of Ch. globosum. The qualitative and quantitative composition of substances belonging to the group of terpenes and their derivatives was characterized using the GCMS technique. It was shown that the ethanol extracts of mints were dominated by substances belonging to the oxygen-containing monoterpenoid and monoterpene groups. In terms of quality, the composition of essential oils turned out to be richer.
Wstepne wyniki badan nad kierunkami transportu materialu w basenie fliszowym Centralnych Karpat
Autorzy na podstawie pomierzonych struktur kierunkowych przyjmują istnienie 4 obszarow źrodlowych dla materialu fliszu centralnych Karpat. Obszary te byly prawdopodobnie polozone na NW, SW, NE, SE od obecnego obszaru wystepowania omawianych utworow. W pewnych regionach stwierdzono krzyzowanie sie 2 kierunkow prądow w utworach jednowiekowych. Rowniez obserwowano kierunki rownolegle do siebie, ale skierowane przeciwnie, ktore wystepują wedlug autorow w obszarach maksymalnej glebokości basenu dla danego poziomu stratygraficznego. Przeprowadzono rowniez dyskusje nad wplywem Tatr na osady fliszu centralnych Karpat.
Four source-areas contributing detrital material to the flysch basin of the Central Carpathians are distinguished on account of the distribution of turbidity current directions. The source areas were situated north-west, southwest, north-east and south-east of the present-day boundaries of the basin. The existence of currents flowing from various directions was stated in some regions within one stratigraphic member. In some areas the currents flowed from opposite directions; these areas formed the deepest parts of the basin during the sedimentation of the Central Carpathians Flysch. The influence of the Tatra massif on the sedimentation of the investigated flysch deposits is discussed.
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