Abstract In order to understand the interactions between surface processes and multilayer folding systems, we here present fully coupled three‐dimensional numerical simulations. The mechanical model represents a sedimentary cover with internal weak layers, detached over a much weaker basal layer representing salt or evaporites. Applying compression in one direction results in a series of three‐dimensional buckle folds, of which the topographic expression consists of anticlines and synclines. This topography is modified through time by mass redistribution, which is achieved by a combination of fluvial and hillslope erosion, as well as deposition, and which can in return influence the subsequent deformation. Model results show that surface processes do not have a significant influence on folding patterns and aspect ratio of the folds. Nevertheless, erosion reduces the amount of shortening required to initiate folding and increases the exhumation rates. Increased sedimentation in the synclines contributes to this effect by amplifying the fold growth rate by gravity. The main contribution of surface processes is rather due to their ability to strongly modify the initial topography and hence the initial random noise, prior to deformation. If larger initial random noise is present, folds amplify faster, which is consistent with previous detachment folding theory. Variations in thickness of the sedimentary cover (in one or two directions) also have a significant influence on the folding pattern, resulting in linear, large aspect ratio folds. Our simulation results can be applied to folding‐dominated fold‐and‐thrust belt systems, detached over weak basal layers, such as the Zagros Folded Belt.
The folder contains: Temperature data measured inside geysers in June 2018 (Haukadalur hydrothermal field, Iceland) weather data collected at two nearby stations (data available from https://urdur.belgingur.is). The figures of the paper submitted to JGR The matlab script to process the data and generate the figures of the manuscript a Read me file to run the matlab scripts
The folder contains: Temperature data measured inside geysers in June 2018 (Haukadalur hydrothermal field, Iceland) weather data collected at two nearby stations (data available from https://urdur.belgingur.is). The figures of the paper submitted to JGR The matlab script to process the data and generate the figures of the manuscript a Read me file to run the matlab scripts
The folder contains: Temperature data measured inside geysers in June 2018 (Haukadalur hydrothermal field, Iceland) weather data collected at two nearby stations (data available from https://urdur.belgingur.is). The figures of the paper submitted to JGR The matlab script to process the data and generate the figures of the manuscript The Supplementary Material explaining the data acquisition method and processing a Read me file to run the matlab scripts
The folder contains: Temperature data measured inside geysers in June 2018 (Haukadalur hydrothermal field, Iceland) weather data collected at two nearby stations (data available from https://urdur.belgingur.is). The figures of the paper submitted to JGR The matlab script to process the data and generate the figures of the manuscript The Supplementary Material explaining the data acquisition method and processing a Read me file to run the matlab scripts
Abstract Geysers fascinate scientists and visitors for several centuries. However, many driving mechanisms such as heat transfer in the conduit and in the subsurface remain poorly understood. We document for the first time transient temperature variations inside the active Strokkur's and nearby quasi‐dormant Great Geysir's conduits, Iceland. While recording temperature inside the conduit, we visually monitored Strokkur's activity at the vent with a high‐speed camera, providing a high temporal resolution of the eruptions. Our results reveal heat transfer from a bubble trap to and through the conduit. We propose a model for the eruptive cycle of Strokkur that includes vapor slug rise, eruption, and conduit refill. Each water jet of an eruption is marked by an initial pulse of liquid water and vapor, emitted at a velocity between 5 and 28 m/s and generally followed by a second pulse less than a second later. The timing of eruptions coincides with temperature maxima in the conduit. After the eruption, the conduit is refilled by water falling back in the pool and drained from neighboring groundwater‐saturated geological units. This results in a temperature drop, the amplitude of which increases with depth while its period is reduced. This reflects faster heat transfer in the deeper than shallower part of the conduit. The amplitude of temperature drop following an eruption also increases with the eruption order, implying larger heat release by higher‐order eruptions. Temperature in the conduit subsequently increases until the next eruption, starting then a new cycle.
